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WIKIMAG n. 1 - Dicembre 2012
Cosmopolitan (magazine)
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Cosmopolitan is an international
magazine for women. It was first published in 1886 in the United
States as a family magazine, was later transformed into a
literary magazine and eventually became a women's magazine in the
late 1960s. Also known as Cosmo, its content as of 2011
included articles on women's issues, relationships, sex, health,
careers, self-improvement, celebrities, as well as fashion and beauty.[3]
Published by
Hearst Magazines, Cosmopolitan has 63 international editions,
is printed in 32 languages and is distributed in more than 100
countries.[4]
History
Cosmopolitan began as a family magazine, launched in 1886 by
Schlicht & Field of New York as The Cosmopolitan.[5]
Paul Schlicht told his first-issue readers that his publication was a
"first-class family magazine", adding, "There will be a department
devoted exclusively to the concerns of women, with articles on fashions,
on household decoration, on cooking, and the care and management of
children, etc.There was also a department for the younger members of the
family."
Cosmopolitan's circulation reached 25,000 that year, but by
March 1888, Schlicht & Field were no longer in business.
John Brisben Walker acquired the magazine in 1889. That same year,
he dispatched
Elizabeth Bisland on a race around the world against
Nellie Bly to try to draw some attention.[6]
Under John Brisben Walker's ownership, E. D. Walker, formerly with
Harper's Monthly, took over as the new editor, introducing color
illustrations, serials and book reviews. It became a leading market for
fiction, featuring such authors as
Annie Besant,
Ambrose Bierce,
Theodore Dreiser,
Rudyard Kipling,
Jack London,
Willa Cather, and
Edith Wharton. The magazine's circulation climbed to 75,000 by 1892.
In 1897, Cosmopolitan announced plans for a free
correspondence school: "No charge of any kind will be made to the
student. All expenses for the present will be borne by the
Cosmopolitan. No conditions, except a pledge of a given number of
hours of study." When 20,000 immediately signed up, Walker could not
fund the school and students were then asked to contribute 20 dollars a
year. Also in 1897,
H. G. Wells'
The War of the Worlds was serialized, as was his
The First Men in the Moon (1900).
Olive Schreiner contributed a lengthy article about the
Boer War.
In 1905,
William Randolph Hearst purchased the magazine for
US$400,000 (approximately $11,000,000 in 2007 prices) and brought in
journalist
Charles Edward Russell, who contributed a series of investigative
articles, including "The Growth of Caste in America" (March 1907), "At
the Throat of the Republic" (December 1907 - March 1908) and "What Are
You Going to Do About It?" (July 1910 - January 1911) and "Colorado -
New Tricks in an Old Game" (December 1910).
Other contributors during this period included
Alfred Henry Lewis,
Sinclair Lewis,
A. J. Cronin,
David Graham Phillips,
George Bernard Shaw,
Upton Sinclair, and
Ida Tarbell. A constant presence from 1910-18 was
Arthur B. Reeve, with 82 stories featuring
Craig Kennedy, the "scientific detective." Magazine illustrators
included Francis Attwood,
Dean Cornwell,
James Montgomery Flagg, and
Harrison Fisher.
With a circulation of 1,700,000 in the 1930s, Cosmopolitan had
an advertising income of $5,000,000. Emphasizing fiction in the 1940s,
it was subtitled The Four-Book Magazine since the first section
had one novelette, six or eight short stories, two serials, six to eight
articles and eight or nine special features, while the other three
sections featured two novels and a digest of current non-fiction books.
During World War II, sales peaked at 2,000,000.
The magazine began to run less fiction during the 1950s. Circulation
dropped to slightly over a million by 1955, a time when magazines were
overshadowed during the rise of paperbacks and television. The Golden
Age of magazines came to an end as
mass market, general interest publications gave way to special
interest magazines targeting specialized audiences.
Helen
Gurley Brown arrives
Cosmopolitan's circulation continued to decline for another
decade until
Helen Gurley Brown became chief editor in 1965 and remodeled the
magazine as New Cosmopolitan. After countless denials by other
publications, Brown finally landed an opportunity to put her perspective
on a magazine.[7]
The magazine was renamed again Cosmopolitan in 1967, and it was
refocused as a magazine for women. The magazine eventually adopted a
cover format consisting of a usually young female model typically in a
low cut dress or
bikini.
The magazine focused on young women and published articles that openly
talked about sexual issues.
This was not her first publication dealing with sexually liberating
woman. Her 1962 advice book,
Sex and the Single Girl, had been a best seller. Fan mail
begging for Brown's advice on many subjects concerning women's behavior,
sexual encounters, health, and beauty flooded her after the book was
released. Brown sent the message that a woman should have men complement
her life, not take it over. Enjoying sex without shame was also a
message she incorporated in both publications.[8]
In Brown's early years as editor, the magazine received heavy
criticism. The magazine ran a near-nude centerfold of actor
Burt Reynolds in April 1972, causing great controversy and
attracting much attention.
In April 1978, a single edition of Cosmopolitan Man was
published as a trial, targeted to appeal to men. Its cover featured
Jack Nicholson and
Aurore Clément. It was published twice in 1989 as a supplement to
Cosmopolitan.[9]
Hearst abandoned this project after the company purchased
Esquire.
Cosmopolitan
today
Cosmopolitan stand at
The Brandery fashion show (Barcelona, 2010)
The magazine, and in particular its cover stories, have become
increasingly sexually explicit in tone, and covers have models wearing
revealing clothes.
Kroger,
America's largest grocery chain, used to cover up Cosmopolitan at
checkout stands because of complaints about sexually inappropriate
headlines.[10]
The UK edition of Cosmopolitan, which began in 1972, was well
known for sexual explicitness, with strong sexual language, male nudity
and coverage of such subjects as rape. In 1999
CosmoGIRL!, a spinoff magazine targeting a teenage female
audience, was created for international readership, but closed in
December 2008.
Real-world stories are recounted ("Cosmo Confidential") first-hand by
survivors, safety tips for risky or dangerous situations (such as living
alone) accompany stories of hidden risks, health myths and urban legends
are debunked. Sections such as "Health Check", which has featured
articles such as "Cosmo Gyno" and "Your Body", both have entertainment
value and help women understand their bodies and even recognize possible
health problems. Less serious regular features include "Guy Confessions"
(pages where men share embarrassing stories or shameful things they've
done); celebrities; "You, Even Better", which contains a wide variety of
fun facts and advice.
The magazine currently features topics including sex, relationships,
beauty, fashion and health.
Cosmopolitan has 64 international editions worldwide published
in 35 languages with distribution in more than 100 countries making
Cosmopolitan the largest-selling young women's magazine in the
world.[4]
Some international editions are published in partnerships, such as
licenses or joint ventures, with established publishing houses in each
local market.
International editions are published in
Argentina,
Armenia,
Australia,
Azerbaijan,
Brazil,
Bulgaria,
Central America,
Chile,
China,
Colombia,
Croatia,
Cyprus,
Czech Republic,
Ecuador,
Estonia,
Finland,
France,
Germany,
Greece,
Hong
Kong,
Hungary,
India,
Indonesia,
Israel,
Italy,
Kazakhstan,
Korea,
Latvia,
Lithuania,
Malaysia,
Mexico,
Mongolia,
Netherlands,
Norway,
Peru,
Philippines,
Poland,
Portugal,
Puerto Rico,
Romania,
Russia,
Serbia,
Singapore,
Slovenia,
South Africa,
Spain,
Sweden,
Taiwan,
Thailand,
Turkey,
United Kingdom, U.S. en Español,
Ukraine,
Venezuela, and
Vietnam.
Cosmopolitan has since the sixties been a women's magazine
discussing such topics as sex, health, fitness and fashion.
Cosmopolitan also has a section called "Ask Him Anything" where a
male writer answers readers' questions about men and dating.
Awards by Cosmopolitan, and features
Fun, Fearless Male and Female of the Year: For more than a
decade, the February issue has featured this award. In 2011
Russell Brand received the magazine's Fun Fearless Male of the Year
Award, joining
Kellan Lutz and
Paul Wesley (2010),
John Mayer (2008),
Nick Lachey (2007),
Patrick Dempsey (2006),
Josh Duhamel (2005),
Matthew Perry (2004), and
Jon Bon Jovi (2003). In 2012,
Nicole Scherzinger won the award.
Mila Kunis received the 2011 Fun, Fearless Female of the Year honor,
a title that had been previously awarded to
Anna Faris (2010),
Ali
Larter (2009),
Katherine Heigl (2008),
Eva
Mendes (2007),
Beyoncé (2006),
Ashlee Simpson (2005),
Alicia Silverstone (2004),
Sandra Bullock (2003),
Britney Spears (2002),
Debra Messing (2001),
Jennifer Love Hewitt (2000),
Shania Twain (1999) and
Ashley Judd (1998)
Bachelor of the Year: Cosmopolitan's November issue
features the hottest bachelors from all 50 states. Pictures and profiles
of all the Bachelors are posted on www.cosmopolitan.com, where readers
view and vote for their favorite, narrowing it down to six finalists. A
team of Cosmopolitan editors then selects the Bachelor of the
Year, who is announced at an annual party and media event in New York.
The 50 bachelors generally appear on programs such as The Today Show.[11]
Past Winners Include
Practice Safe Sun: In the May 2006 issue of Cosmopolitan,
the magazine launched the Practice Safe Sun campaign, an initiative
aimed at fighting skin cancer by asking readers to stop all forms of
tanning other than tanning from a bottle.[14]
In conjunction with the campaign, Cosmo's editor-in-chief, Kate
White, approached Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney (D-NY), known for her
support of women's health issues, with concerns that women weren't fully
aware of the dangers of indoor tanning and the effectiveness of the
current warning labels.[15]
After careful review, the Congresswoman agreed that it was necessary to
recommend that the FDA take a closer look. She and Representative Ginny
Brown-Waite (R-FL) introduced the Tanning Accountability and
Notification Act (TAN Act - H.R. 4767) on February 16, 2006.[14]
President Bush signed the act in September 2007, and the new federal law
requires the FDA to scrutinize the warning labels on tanning beds and
issue a report by September 2008.[16]
Cosmo Blog Awards: Cosmopolitan UK launched the Cosmo Blog
Awards <http://www.cosmopolitan.co.uk/blogs/cosmopolitan-blog-awards-2011/cosmo-blog-awards-2011>
in 2010. The Awards attracted more than 15,000 entries and winning and
highly commended blogs were voted for in several categories including
beauty, fashion, lifestyle and celebrity. The 2011 Awards launched in
August 2011 and nominations are open until 31 August 2011. All UK-based
bloggers and blogs written by British blogges abroad with a British
perspective can be entered.
Criticism
In its January 1988 issue, Cosmopolitan ran a feature claiming
that women had almost no reason to worry about contracting
HIV long
after the best available medical science indicated otherwise. The piece
claimed that unprotected sex with an
HIV-positive man did not put women at risk of infection, and went on
to state that "most heterosexuals are not at risk" and that it was
impossible to transmit HIV in the
missionary position.[17]
This article angered many knowledgeable people including
AIDS and
gay rights activists. In 2005 Cosmopolitan ran a promotional
giveaway of free condoms in the Netherlands.
Cosmopolitan, as well as other women's-interest magazines,
have been criticized for using published psychological research studies
to gain credibility for their articles on sex and relationship advice
but vastly misrepresenting or misconstruing data and findings from these
studies in order to appear more "shocking", "newsworthy", and "more
relevant to popular culture".[citation
needed]
In popular culture
- In an episode of
Rules of Engagement aired in 2007,
David Spade's character says he likes to read Cosmo
because it's like having "the other team's playbook."
- In
Legally Blonde 2 (2003), when Elle Woods tells Paulette
she's going to work where a voice is given to the people, Paulette
asks if she's going to the headquarters of Cosmopolitan
magazine.
- In the movie
Now and Then (1995), the four girls (Tina, Roberta,
Samantha, and Chrissy played by
Thora Birch,
Christina Ricci,
Gaby Hoffmann, and
Ashleigh Aston Moore), in the summer of 1970, are taking a
Cosmo quiz on foreplay in a diner.
- In the movie
Legally Blonde (2001), Elle Woods says in her closing
arguments, "The rules of hair care are simple and finite. Any Cosmo
girl would have known."[18]
- In a 2005 episode of
The
O.C.,
Seth draws a female superhero that he calls "Cosmo Girl" who he
says has a "passion for fashion."[19]
- In an episode of
Third Watch (1999), Jimmy tells Kim that Cosmo says she
should make a man feel important to her, to which she replies, "You
read Cosmo?"[20]
-
Will Truman on
Will and Grace says in a 1998 episode, "Oh, you girls are
going to have a ball, braiding each other's hair and talking about
boys and doing the Cosmo quiz."[21]
- In a 1997 episode of
Just Shoot Me, the emcee of the "Femmy" magazine award
ceremony says, "Do we really have to sit here for three hours, or
can we just give all the awards to Cosmo?"[22]
- In an episode of
Friends the September 1996 issue appears featuring cover
model Tatjana Dragovic,
Chandler admits to taking a Cosmo quiz and apparently "puts
career before men!"[23]
- In the
"Everybody Loves Casey" episode of
That '70s Show,
Jackie and
Kelso read Cosmopolitan to resolve their relationship
troubles.
- In 1992, the lyrics of
Sir Mix-a-Lot's "Baby
Got Back" explicitly decries the bodies of Cosmo girls in
favor of black women's bodies.
- In the 1986 war film
Heartbreak Ridge, Clint Eastwood's character, Sgt. "Gunny"
Highway, reads Cosmopolitan to gain insights of the other
sex's mind in order to win his ex-wife back.
- In an episode of
Corner Gas, it is revealed that Davis reads Cosmopolitan.
- In the Broadway musical
The Wedding Singer, in the song "Pop", Holly sings
the lyric: "Every five seconds a girl gets engaged, according to
Cosmo's latest quiz..."
-
Community, Season 2, Episode 1, (9/23/2010): Britta, being
defensive about the way she is being treated by her peers at
Greendale, says "I'm not hiding from you. Its like high school all
over again out there. 'Psycho Britta, the walking freakshow, for
every Barbie with a Cosmo subscription." Later the young women
Britta is referring to approach her and tell Britta she is
"fearless, honest, and speaking from your heart."
-
CollegeHumor has featured several articles making fun of Cosmo's
lists of sex tips by providing line-by-line analysis of the advice.
The articles are written by pseudonymous contributor BL1Y.
-
YouTube user csandreas has a monthly web series called Black Man
Answers Cosmo that features two straight black males answering
Cosmopolitan's various letters sections.
Editors (American edition)
- Frank P. Smith (1886–1888)
- E. D. Walker (1888)
-
John Brisben Walker (1889–1905)
- Bailey Millard (1905–1907)
- S. S. Chamberlain (1907–1908)
- C. P. Narcross (1908–1913)
- Sewell Haggard (1914)
- Edgar Grant Sisson (1914–1917)
- Douglas Z. Doty (1917–1918)
-
Ray
Long (1918–1931)
- Harry Payne Burton (1931–1942)
- Frances Whiting (1942–1945)
- Arthur Gordon (1946–1948)
- Herbert R. Mayes (1948–1951)
- John J. O'Connell (1951–1959)
- Robert Atherton (1959–1965)
-
Helen Gurley Brown (1965–1997)
-
Bonnie Fuller (1997–1998)
-
Kate White (1998–2012)
- Joanna Coles (2012-)
Books
- Cosmo's Guide to Red Hot Sex (2008) (ISBN
1-58816-649-X)
- Cosmo's Aqua Kama Sutra: 25 Sex Positions for the Tub,
Shower, Pool, and More (2006) (ISBN
1-58816-571-X)
- Cosmo Confessions: Hundreds of Absolutely Shameful,
Scandalous, and Sexy Real-Life Tales! (2006) (ISBN
1-58816-467-5)
- Cosmo's Naughty Notes: 100 Sexy Stickies to Tease, Tantalize,
and Turn On Your Man (2006) (ISBN
1-58816-599-X)
- Cosmo's Steamy Sex Games: All Sorts of Naughty Ways to Have
Fun with Your Lover (2006) (ISBN
1-58816-640-6)
- The Cosmo Kama Sutra: 77 Mind-Blowing Sex Positions
(2004) (ISBN
1-58816-423-3)
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