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WIKIBOOKS
DISPONIBILI
?????????

ART
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BUSINESS&LAW
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CARS
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GAMES&SPORT
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MEDICINE
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TRADITIONS
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NATURE
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ARTICLES IN THE BOOK

  1. Acute abdomen
  2. Acute coronary syndrome
  3. Acute pancreatitis
  4. Acute renal failure
  5. Agonal respiration
  6. Air embolism
  7. Ambulance
  8. Amnesic shellfish poisoning
  9. Anaphylaxis
  10. Angioedema
  11. Aortic dissection
  12. Appendicitis
  13. Artificial respiration
  14. Asphyxia
  15. Asystole
  16. Autonomic dysreflexia
  17. Bacterial meningitis
  18. Barotrauma
  19. Blast injury
  20. Bleeding
  21. Bowel obstruction
  22. Burn
  23. Carbon monoxide poisoning
  24. Cardiac arrest
  25. Cardiac arrhythmia
  26. Cardiac tamponade
  27. Cardiogenic shock
  28. Cardiopulmonary arrest
  29. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
  30. Catamenial pneumothorax
  31. Cerebral hemorrhage
  32. Chemical burn
  33. Choking
  34. Chronic pancreatitis
  35. Cincinnati Stroke Scale
  36. Clinical depression
  37. Cord prolapse
  38. Decompression sickness
  39. Dental emergency
  40. Diabetic coma
  41. Diabetic ketoacidosis
  42. Distributive shock
  43. Drowning
  44. Drug overdose
  45. Eclampsia
  46. Ectopic pregnancy
  47. Electric shock
  48. Emergency medical services
  49. Emergency medical technician
  50. Emergency medicine
  51. Emergency room
  52. Emergency telephone number
  53. Epiglottitis
  54. Epilepsia partialis continua
  55. Frostbite
  56. Gastrointestinal perforation
  57. Gynecologic hemorrhage
  58. Heat syncope
  59. HELLP syndrome
  60. Hereditary pancreatitis
  61. Hospital
  62. Hydrocephalus
  63. Hypercapnia
  64. Hyperemesis gravidarum
  65. Hyperkalemia
  66. Hypertensive emergency
  67. Hyperthermia
  68. Hypoglycemia
  69. Hypothermia
  70. Hypovolemia
  71. Internal bleeding
  72. Ketoacidosis
  73. Lactic acidosis
  74. Lethal dose
  75. List of medical emergencies
  76. Malaria
  77. Malignant hypertension
  78. Medical emergency
  79. Meningitis
  80. Neuroglycopenia
  81. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
  82. Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma
  83. Obstetrical hemorrhage
  84. Outdoor Emergency Care
  85. Overwhelming post-splenectomy infection
  86. Paralytic shellfish poisoning
  87. Paramedic
  88. Paraphimosis
  89. Peritonitis
  90. Physical trauma
  91. Placenta accreta
  92. Pneumothorax
  93. Positional asphyxia
  94. Pre-eclampsia
  95. Priapism
  96. Psychotic depression
  97. Respiratory arrest
  98. Respiratory failure
  99. Retinal detachment
  100. Revised Trauma Score
  101. Sepsis
  102. Septic arthritis
  103. Septic shock
  104. Sexual assault
  105. Shock
  106. Simple triage and rapid treatment
  107. Soy allergy
  108. Spinal cord compression
  109. Status epilepticus
  110. Stroke
  111. Temporal arteritis
  112. Testicular torsion
  113. Toxic epidermal necrolysis
  114. Toxidrome
  115. Triage
  116. Triage tag
  117. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
  118. Uterine rupture
  119. Ventricular fibrillation
  120. Walking wounded
  121. Watershed stroke
  122. Wilderness first aid
  123. Wound

 

 
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THE BOOK OF MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
This article is from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphyxia

All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License 

Asphyxia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Asphyxia (from Greek a-, "without" and sphuxis, "pulse, heartbeat") is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body that arises from being unable to breathe normally. Asphyxia causes generalized hypoxia, which primarily affects the tissues and organs most sensitive to hypoxia first, such as the brain, hence resulting in cerebral hypoxia. Asphyxia is usually characterized by air hunger but this is not always the case; the urge to breathe is triggered by rising carbon dioxide levels in the blood rather than diminishing oxygen levels. Sometimes there is not enough carbon dioxide to cause air hunger, and victims become hypoxic without knowing it. In any case, the absence of effective remedial action will very rapidly lead to unconsciousness, brain damage and death.[1]The time to death is dependent on the particular mechanism of asphyxia. In an experiment where dogs were suffocated by placing an air-tight rubber mask over the dogs' heads, it was shown that it took around 8 minutes for the dogs to go into cardiac arrest. Breathing movements continued and the animals engaged in violent struggle or had convulsions until the point of death. [citation needed] This can be contrasted are used to maim or kill in capital punishment, suicide, torture, and warfare. They are also used non-fatally in martial arts, combat sports, BDSM and during sex as erotic asphyxia. Because the need to breathe is triggered by the level of carbon dioxide in the blood, some victims may not experience an urgent need to breathe and may remain unaware of the onset of hypoxia.

Insufficient environmental oxygen

Asphyxia is the eventual result of prolonged exposure to an atmosphere containing too little oxygen to sustain life; many such situations involve the displacement of oxygen-containing air with an asphyxiant gas. Examples of environmentally-induced asphxia include:

  • The filling of cryogenic vessels with liquified, oxygen-free gases such as nitrogen in an enclosed space.
  • Workers entering a brewery fermentation vat unaware that the space is filled with carbon dioxide.
  • Workers descending into a sewer or the hold of a ship containing heavier than air, oxygen-free gases usually methane or carbon dioxide.
  • The misuse or failure of closed-circuit diving rebreather sets where the recirculated breathing gas contains insufficient oxygen.
  • Breathing a hypoxic breathing gas mixture while diving in shallow water where the partial pressure of oxygen is too low to support consciousness; hypoxic bottom gasses are designed only to be breathed at depth where larger amounts of oxygen become toxic under pressure.
  • Inhalation of overwhelming amounts of non-oxygen gases such as helium or CO2 fire extinguishers for recreational or amusement purposes.
  • Loss of aircraft cabin pressure; cabin pressure of commercial aircraft is usually kept at an altitude equivalent of between 5,000-8,000 ft, unconsciousness can occur without awareness if a malfunction allows the cabin altitude equivalent to rise above 20,000 ft.
  • Exposure to a vacuum, such as the decompression of a spacecraft or space suit (see Soyuz 11).

Physical obstruction of air flow

  • Crushing or constriction of the chest or abdomen (compressive asphyxia)
  • Smothering, where the external respiratory orifices are covered.
  • Drowning caused by water or other liquids.
  • Choking due to object in the airway.
  • Strangling where the airway is constricted, especially in certain types of chokeholds called air chokes.
  • Hanging or ligature strangulation may lead to asphyxia.
  • Reduction of the airways due to anaphylaxis or asthma.
  • Inhalation of vomit.
  • Positional asphyxia.
  • The practice of erotic asphyxiation, also called breath control play.
  • Situations where a newborn infant experiences inadequate respiration during childbirth can lead to asphyxia neonatorum.

Chemical or physiological interference with respiration

Various chemical and physiological situations can interfere with the body's ability to absorb and use oxygen or regulate blood oxygen levels:

  • Carbon monoxide inhalation, such as from a car exhaust, carbon monoxide has a higher affinity than oxygen to the hemoglobin in the blood's red blood corpuscles bonding with it tenaciously, displacing oxygen and preventing the blood from transporting it around the body.
  • Contact with certain chemicals, including pulmonary agents (such as phosgene) and blood agents (such as hydrogen cyanide).
  • Self-induced hypocapnia by hyperventilation, as in shallow water or deep water blackout and the choking game.
  • A seizure which stops breathing activity.
  • Sleep apnea.
  • Drug overdose.
  • Ondine's curse, central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome, or primary alveolar hypoventilation, a disorder of the autonomic nervous system in which a patient must consciously breathe. Although it is often said that persons with this disease will die if they fall asleep, this is not usually the case.
  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Smothering

Smothering refers to the mechanical obstruction of the flow of air from the environment into the mouth and/or nostrils, for instance by covering the mouth and nose with a hand, pillow, or a plastic bag.[2] Smothering can be either partial or complete, where partial indicates that the person being smothered is able to inhale some air, although less than required. Normally, smothering requires at least partial obstruction of both the nasal cavities and the mouth to lead to asphyxia. Smothering with the hands or chest is used in some combat sports to distract the opponent, and create openings for transitions, as the opponent is forced to react to the smothering. It is also used in BDSM as a type of facesitting.

In some cases, smothering is combined with simultaneous compressive asphyxia. One example is overlay, in which an adult accidentally rolls over an infant during co-sleeping; an accident that often goes unnoticed and is mistakenly thought to be sudden infant death syndrome.[2] Other accidents involving a similar mechanism are cave-ins or when an individual is buried in sand or grain. In homicidal cases, the term burking[3] is often ascribed to a killing method that involves simultaneous smothering and compression of the torso.[4]

Compressive asphyxia

The knee-on-belly position compresses the chest, making it difficult for the person on the bottom to breathe.
The knee-on-belly position compresses the chest, making it difficult for the person on the bottom to breathe.

Compressive asphyxia (also called chest compression) refers to the mechanical limitation of the expansion of the lungs by compressing the torso, hence interfering with breathing. Compressive asphyxia occurs when the chest or abdomen is compressed posteriorly. [5] In accidents, the term traumatic asphyxia or crush asphyxia is usually used to describe compressive asphyxia resulting form being crushed or pinned under a large weight or force. An example of traumatic asphyxia include cases where an individual has been using a car-jack to repair a car from below only to be crushed under the weight of the vehicle[4] when the car-jack slips. In fatal crowd disasters, such as the Heysel Stadium disaster, traumatic asphyxia is called riot-crush.[4] Contrary to popular belief, it is not the blunt trauma from trampling that causes the large part of the deaths in such cases, but rather the compressive asphyxia from being crushed against the crowd. In confined spaces, people push and lean against each other; evidence from bent steel railings in several fatal crowd accidents have shown horizontal forces over 4500 N (comparative weight approximately 460kg). In cases where people have stacked up on each other forming a human pile, estimations have been made of around 380kg of compressive weight in the lowest layer. [6]

Chest compression is also featured in various grappling combat sports, where it is sometimes called wringing. Such techniques are either used to tire the opponent, or as complementary or distractive moves in combination with pinning holds,[7] or sometimes even as a submission holds. Examples of chest compression include the knee-on-stomach position, or techniques such as leg scissors (also referred to as body scissors and in budo referred to as do-jime,[8] 胴絞, "trunk strangle")[9] where you wrap the legs around the opponent's midsection and squeeze them together.[10]

References

  1. ^ 1
  2. ^ a b Ferris, J.A.J. Asphyxia. www.pathology.ubc.ca. URL's last accessed March 1, 2006 (DOC format)
  3. ^ The term "burking" comes from the method William Burke and William Hare used to kill their victims during the West Port murders. They killed the usually intoxicated victims by sitting on their chests and suffocating them by putting a hand over their nose and mouth, while using the other hand to push the victims jaw up. The corpses had no visible injuries, and were supplied to medical schools for money.
  4. ^ a b c DiMaio, Vincent; DiMaio, Dominick (2001). Forensic Pathology, Second Edition. Selected Pages from CHAPTER 8 and from Deaths Occurring Following the Application of Choke or Carotid Holds. www.charlydmiller.com. URL last accessed March 2, 2006.
  5. ^ Jones, Richard. Strangulation. www.forensicmed.co.uk. URL last accessed February 26, 2006.
  6. ^ Fruin, John. The Causes and Prevention of Crowd Disasters. www.crowddynamics.com. URL last accessed March 3, 2006.
  7. ^ Ohlenkamp, Neil Principles of Judo Choking Techniques. judoinfo.com. URL last accessed on March 3, 2006
  8. ^ Do-jime is a prohibited technique in Judo, (The Kodokan Judo Institute. Kodokan.Org classification of techniques. www.kodokan.org. URL last accessed March 4, 2006.) and is considered a 'slight infringement' according to IJF rules, Section 27: Prohibited acts and penalties, article 21. It should not be confused with do-osae, which is a colloquially used term for the guard position.
  9. ^ International Judo Federation. IJF Referee Rules. www.ijf.org. URL last accessed March 6, 2006
  10. ^ Lewis, Bill. Katsuhiko Kashiwazaki - Shimewaza (Book Review). www.bjj.org. URL last accessed March 4, 2006.

External links

  • Cross-side to chest compression choke
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphyxia"