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This article is from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin

All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License 

Paul Gauguin

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 
Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin
Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin

Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (June 7, 1848 – May 9, 1903) was a leading Post-Impressionist artist. Best known as a painter, his bold experimentation with coloring led directly to the Synthetist style of modern art while his expression of the inherent meaning of the subjects in his paintings, under the influence of the cloisonnist style, paved the way to Primitivism and the return to the pastoral. He was also an influential exponent of wood engraving and woodcuts as art forms.[1] [2]

Life

Born in Paris, he was descended from Spanish settlers in South America and the viceroy of Peru, and spent his early childhood in Lima. He was, through Alina María Chazal, the grandson of Flora Tristan, a founder of modern feminism. After his education in Orléans, France, Gauguin spent six years sailing around the world in the merchant marines and then in the French navy. Upon his return to France in 1870, he took a job as a broker's assistant. His guardian Gustave Arosa, a successful businessman and art collector, introduced Gauguin to Camille Pissarro in 1875.

Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?1897, oil on canvasBoston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA
Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?
1897, oil on canvas
Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA

A successful stockbroker during week-days, Gauguin spent holidays painting with Pissarro and Cézanne. Although his first efforts were clumsy, he made rapid progress. By 1884 Gauguin had moved with his family to Copenhagen, where he unsuccessfully pursued a business career. Driven to paint full-time, he returned to Paris in 1885, leaving his family in Denmark. Without adequate subsistence, his wife (Mette Sophie Gadd) and their five children returned to her family. Gauguin outlived two of his children.

Like his friend Vincent Van Gogh, with whom he spent nine weeks painting in Arles, Paul Gauguin experienced bouts of depression and at one time attempted suicide. Disappointed with Impressionism, he felt that traditional European painting had become too imitative and lacked symbolic depth. By contrast, the art of Africa and Asia seemed to him full of mystic symbolism and vigour. There was a vogue in Europe at the time for the art of other cultures, especially that of Japan (Japonisme). He was invited to participate in the 1889 exhibition organized by Les XX.

The Yellow Christ (Le Christ jaune)1889, oil on canvas. Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY, USA
The Yellow Christ (Le Christ jaune)
1889, oil on canvas. Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY, USA

Under the influence of folk art and Japanese prints, Gauguin evolved towards Cloisonnism, a style given its name by the critic Édouard Dujardin in response to Emile Bernard's cloisonne enamelling technique. Gauguin was very appreciative of Bernard's art and of his daring with the employment of a style which suited Gauguin in his quest to express the essence of the objects in his art. In The Yellow Christ (1889), often cited as a quintessential Cloisonnist work, the image was reduced to areas of pure colour separated by heavy black outlines. In such works Gauguin paid little attention to classical perspective and boldly eliminated subtle gradations of colour—thus dispensing with the two most characteristic principles of post-Renaissance painting. His painting later evolved towards "Synthetism" in which neither form nor colour predominate but each has an equal role.

In 1891, Gauguin, frustrated by lack of recognition at home and financially destitute, sailed to the tropics to escape European civilization and "everything that is artificial and conventional." (Before this he had made several attempts to find a tropical paradise where he could 'live on fish and fruit' and paint in his increasingly primitive style, including short stays in Martinique and as a worker on the Panama Canal). Living in Mataiea Village in Tahiti, he painted "Fatata te Miti" ("By the Sea"), "La Orana Maria" (Ave Maria) and other depictions of Tahitian life. He moved to Punaauia in 1897, where he created the masterpiece painting "Where Do We Come From" and then lived the rest of his life in the Marquesas Islands, returning to France only once. His works of that period are full of quasi-religious symbolism and an exoticized view of the inhabitants of Polynesia. In Polynesia he clashed often with the colonial authorities and with the Catholic Church. During this period he also wrote the book Avant et Après (before and after), that is a fragmented collection of observations about life in Polynesia, memories from his life and comments on literature and paintings. In 1903 due to a problem with the church and the government he was sentenced to three months in prison, and he owed a fine. At that time he was being supported by an art dealer. He died before he could start the prison sentence. His body had been weakened by alcoholism and a dissipated life style. He was 54 years old.


He died in 1903 and is buried in Calvary Cemetery (Cimetière Calvaire), Atuona, Hiva ‘Oa, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia.

Quotations

Quotations by Gauguin

  • Life is like a song, you have to enjoy it while it plays because you never know if it will come on again.
  • Life is like a boardwalk. There may be some tacks and nails, but you will get through it.
  • In order to do something new we must go back to the source, to humanity in its infancy.
  • I have tried to make everything breathe in this painting: belief, passive suffering, religious and primitive style, and the great nature with its scream.
  • How do you see this tree? Is it really green? Use green, then, the most beautiful green on your palette. And that shadow, rather blue? Don't be afraid to paint it as blue as possible.
  • To me, barbarism is a rejuvenation.
  • Art is either plagiarism or revolution.
  • I shut my eyes in order to see.
  • Life being what it is, one dreams of revenge.
  • Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going?
  • How long have I been here? Hence, foreword, for I shall not know. For I have been traveling for too long. My bones too weary to remember my age. Hence, how long have I been here? Thou shalt never know.

Quotations about Gauguin

  • He put so much mystery in so much brightness. (Mallarme)
  • Gauguin's paintings always seemed to me cruel, metallic and lacking in general emotion. He is always absent from his own work. Everything is there except the painter himself. (Vlaminck)
  • For Europeans the romantic strangeness and eroticism of his paintings of the islanders, the festivities with their unknown symbolism, are inherently attractive, and this has tended to obscure Gauguin's real contribution. The quality of his art does not reside in revelations of another culture but in the aesthetic position he arrived at. (Trewin Copplestone)
  • Portentous allegories about the destiny of mankind. (John Russell)
  • The popular fancy that Gauguin 'discovered himself' as a painter in Tahiti is quite wrong. All the components of his work - the flat patterns of colour, the wreathing outlines, the desire to make symbolic statements about fate and emotion, the interest in 'primitive' art, and the thought that colour could function as a language - were assembled in France before 1891. (Robert Hughes)
We Shall Not Go to the Market Today (Ta Matete)1892, oil on canvas
We Shall Not Go to the Market Today (Ta Matete)
1892, oil on canvas

Legacy

The vogue for Gauguin's work started soon after his death. Many of his later paintings were acquired by the Russian collector Sergei Shchukin. A substantial part of his collection is displayed in the Pushkin Museum and the Hermitage. Gauguin paintings are rarely offered for sale; their price may be as high as $39.2 million US Dollars.

Gauguin influenced many other painters, but one especially notable connection is his imparting to Arthur Frank Mathews the use of an intense color palette. Mathews met Gauguin in the late 1890s while both were at the Academie Julian. Mathews took this influence in his founding of the California Arts and Crafts or California Decorative movement.

The Japanese styled Gauguin Museum, opposite the Botanical Gardens of Papeari in Papeari, Tahiti, contains some exhibits, documents, photographs, reproductions and original sketches and block prints of Gauguin and Tahitians. In 2003, the Paul Gauguin Cultural Center opened in Atuona in the Marquesas Islands.

Paul Gauguin's life inspired Somerset Maugham to write The Moon and Sixpence.

List of paintings by Paul Gauguin

For the complete list of paintings by Paul Gauguin, please go to List of paintings by Paul Gauguin

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
Paul Gauguin
  • Paul Gauguin Biography and Paintings
  • The World of Oilpainting, Paul Gauguin
  • Paul Gauguin at Olga's Gallery
  • [3] WBUR's interactive look at the Boston MFA's Gauguin collection
  • Paul Gauguin: A Virtual Art Gallery
  • Noa Noa, by Paul Gauguin at sacred-texts.com
  • Works by Paul Gauguin at Project Gutenberg
  • Paul Gauguin's Gravesite
  • Gauguin, Paul
  • The Prodigious Century

Further reading

  • Danielsson, Bengt, Gaugin in the South Seas, New York, Doubleday and Company, 1966.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin"