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WIKIBOOKS
DISPONIBILI
?????????

ART
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BUSINESS&LAW
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TRADITIONS
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NATURE
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ARTICLES IN THE BOOK

  1. Acute abdomen
  2. Acute coronary syndrome
  3. Acute pancreatitis
  4. Acute renal failure
  5. Agonal respiration
  6. Air embolism
  7. Ambulance
  8. Amnesic shellfish poisoning
  9. Anaphylaxis
  10. Angioedema
  11. Aortic dissection
  12. Appendicitis
  13. Artificial respiration
  14. Asphyxia
  15. Asystole
  16. Autonomic dysreflexia
  17. Bacterial meningitis
  18. Barotrauma
  19. Blast injury
  20. Bleeding
  21. Bowel obstruction
  22. Burn
  23. Carbon monoxide poisoning
  24. Cardiac arrest
  25. Cardiac arrhythmia
  26. Cardiac tamponade
  27. Cardiogenic shock
  28. Cardiopulmonary arrest
  29. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
  30. Catamenial pneumothorax
  31. Cerebral hemorrhage
  32. Chemical burn
  33. Choking
  34. Chronic pancreatitis
  35. Cincinnati Stroke Scale
  36. Clinical depression
  37. Cord prolapse
  38. Decompression sickness
  39. Dental emergency
  40. Diabetic coma
  41. Diabetic ketoacidosis
  42. Distributive shock
  43. Drowning
  44. Drug overdose
  45. Eclampsia
  46. Ectopic pregnancy
  47. Electric shock
  48. Emergency medical services
  49. Emergency medical technician
  50. Emergency medicine
  51. Emergency room
  52. Emergency telephone number
  53. Epiglottitis
  54. Epilepsia partialis continua
  55. Frostbite
  56. Gastrointestinal perforation
  57. Gynecologic hemorrhage
  58. Heat syncope
  59. HELLP syndrome
  60. Hereditary pancreatitis
  61. Hospital
  62. Hydrocephalus
  63. Hypercapnia
  64. Hyperemesis gravidarum
  65. Hyperkalemia
  66. Hypertensive emergency
  67. Hyperthermia
  68. Hypoglycemia
  69. Hypothermia
  70. Hypovolemia
  71. Internal bleeding
  72. Ketoacidosis
  73. Lactic acidosis
  74. Lethal dose
  75. List of medical emergencies
  76. Malaria
  77. Malignant hypertension
  78. Medical emergency
  79. Meningitis
  80. Neuroglycopenia
  81. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
  82. Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma
  83. Obstetrical hemorrhage
  84. Outdoor Emergency Care
  85. Overwhelming post-splenectomy infection
  86. Paralytic shellfish poisoning
  87. Paramedic
  88. Paraphimosis
  89. Peritonitis
  90. Physical trauma
  91. Placenta accreta
  92. Pneumothorax
  93. Positional asphyxia
  94. Pre-eclampsia
  95. Priapism
  96. Psychotic depression
  97. Respiratory arrest
  98. Respiratory failure
  99. Retinal detachment
  100. Revised Trauma Score
  101. Sepsis
  102. Septic arthritis
  103. Septic shock
  104. Sexual assault
  105. Shock
  106. Simple triage and rapid treatment
  107. Soy allergy
  108. Spinal cord compression
  109. Status epilepticus
  110. Stroke
  111. Temporal arteritis
  112. Testicular torsion
  113. Toxic epidermal necrolysis
  114. Toxidrome
  115. Triage
  116. Triage tag
  117. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
  118. Uterine rupture
  119. Ventricular fibrillation
  120. Walking wounded
  121. Watershed stroke
  122. Wilderness first aid
  123. Wound

 

 
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    Roberto Casiraghi           
    INFORMATIVA SULLA PRIVACY              Crystal Jones


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THE BOOK OF MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
This article is from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault

All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License 

Sexual assault

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Sexual assault is any unwanted physical contact of a sexual nature perpetrated against another person. While associated with rape, sexual assault is much broader and the specifics may vary according to social, political or legal definition.

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, sexual assault includes "inappropriate touching of the buttocks, vaginal, anal, or oral penetration, sexual intercourse that [one says] no to, rape, attempted rape, [and] child molestation."[1]

Perpetrators may include, but are not limited to, strangers, acquaintances, superiors, legal entities (as in the case of torture), or even family members. Both male and female [2] sex predators commit sexual assault against same sex and/or opposite sex victims. Generally, victims are more likely to be assaulted by an acquaintance (such as a friend or co-worker) or a family member, than a complete stranger. The act is sometimes accomplished by force sufficient to cause physical injury. In other cases, the act is accomplished by psychological coercion alone with no overt physical injuries to the victim. However, even when no lasting physical injury is sustained, the psychological damage done by this form of intimate violation may be substantial. Psychological damage is often particularly severe when sexual assault is committed by parents against children due to the incestuous nature of the assault.

Nurses, doctors, and police in sexual assault response and prevention

Anyone is a potential victim of sexual assault. A person who is the victim of sexual assault may require assistance from medical and law enforcement resources. Medical and law enforcement professionals strongly recommend that a victim call for help and report what has happened.

Medical professionals are concerned for the well-being of the victim, who may need immediate medical attention, not only for injuries, but against sexually transmitted disease, and possibly to avoid unwanted conception. In many locations, EMTs, emergency room nurses and doctors are trained to help rape victims. Some emergency rooms have rape kits which are used to collect evidence.

"A victim of sexual assault should be offered prophylaxis for pregnancy and for sexually transmitted diseases, subject to informed consent and consistent with current treatment guidelines. Physicians and allied health practitioners who find this practice morally objectionable or who practice at hospitals that prohibit prophylaxis or contraception should offer to refer victims of sexual assault to another provider who can provide these services in a timely fashion." -- [3] from American College of Emergency Physicians: Management of the Patient With The Complaint Of Sexual Assault

Police are concerned to enforce the laws forbidding sexual assault and gather evidence to identify and prosecute the offender. Further, police provide safety advice and prevention tips, to prevent people from becoming victims of sexual assault.

Clinical treatment

Victims almost universally suffer psychological damage consistent with the severity of the assault. Thus, dealing with such victims calls for tact and sensitivity from persons who would help the victim. In Western countries, forcible rape is considered a medical emergency and survivors are encouraged to call for help to report this criminal act and medical emergency.

Psychological first aid in the immediate aftermath of the assault is important to successful emotional recovery from a sexual assault. Sensitivity and tact is required. Physical injuries such as gynecologic hemorrhage may have resulted. Preventative treatment against sexually transmitted diseases may be required.

Voluntary administration of emergency contraception may be considered in societies where such administration is both socially acceptable and legal. Most Western societies fall into this classification, while most African and South American societies, and many Asian societies, do not. Health care providers in societies where emergency contraception is available should be aware that failing to inform patients of the availability may leave them open to allegations of malpractice.

All hospital emergency rooms should have complete procedures in place for assisting victims of sexual assault. Collection of evidence such as DNA samples which can help in criminal prosecution of the assailant should follow rigorous chain of custody procedures. See Sexual assault kit.

Victims should be referred to additional resources and made aware of their rights under policy and law.

Criteria for legal determination of sexual assault include: 1. Carnal knowledge (Sex) 2. Lack of concent 3. Compulsion (by brute force, threat or other)

Reducing the risk of sexual assault

Police agencies routinely offer safety tips and advice for reducing the risk of sexual assault. Many argue that there are risk factors for sexual assault that lie with the victim; that is, certain behaviors by the victim exist may increase the chance of sexual assault. Others dispute this, and argue that victim behavior is not a contributing or causal factor.

While it is widely accepted that the victim is not to blame, for would-be victims of sexual assault, there are a variety of precautions that may be taken to minimize the chance of falling victim to sexual predators. Various reputed organizations and legal agencies have provided suggestions to this end, including the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, The Canadian Women's Sexual Assault Centre, RapeCrisis.org.uk, and Amnesty International.

The advice given is extensive, and vary in specifics, they all tend to include certain precautions:

  • Avoid being alone in public, particularly at night, or in dark and/or isolated places.
  • Maintain situational awareness. Be aware of other persons.
  • Keep personal information (such as name, address and telephone numbers) on your person, and not on key-chains.
  • Keep your vehicle and home locked.
  • Avoid isolated places such as deserted parking lots or stairwells in office buildings as much as possible.
  • If a motorist asks for assistance, stand a distance from the vehicle.
  • Be alert. Never sleep in public - including buses, cabs and benches. Have car and house keys ready before you reach the door.
  • Walk facing traffic.
  • Trust your instincts- if you feel you are being followed, if you have suspicions about a minor auto accident, or being stopped by a police official, keep driving to a well-lit, populated area before stopping. In the case of a police officer, in the United States and many other countries, a driver who does so for their own safety cannot be further penalized for evading arrest or failing to stop (provided they do so eventually).
  • Don't allow yourself to be alone with someone whom you do not know or trust.
  • If you are in trouble or feel you are in danger, don't be afraid to attract help any way you can. Scream, yell or run away to safety.
  • If you choose to carry any type of weapon for self-protection, give careful consideration to your ability and willingness to use it. Remember there is always the chance that it could be taken away and used against you.

Advice given in recent years, brought to prominence on the American Today Show, is to yell "fire" rather than screaming or calling out for help as this may attract more attention since it conveys the message that immediate assistance is needed without any further explanation of the situation and will tend to turn the heads of even those who are further away. Although it may sound silly, this strategy has been shown to be more effective, and in the case of immediate danger such as a pursuer, the false call of fire is not considered to be endangering others (i.e. not the same as "yelling 'fire' in a crowded theatre").

However, all of this well-intentioned advice, which constructs the perpetrator of assault as a stranger, conceals the fact that, in the United States and Canada, the majority of sexual assaults are committed by someone the survivor knows, usually a spouse, partner, date, or family member. In the U.S., in 1997, 68.3% of sexual assaults perpetrated by someone who knew the victim. (Bureau of Justice's National Crime Victimization Survey, 1997). 78% of women raped or physically assaulted since they turned 18 were assaulted by a current or former husband, live-in partner or date. 17% were victimized by an acquaintance, 9% by a relative other than a husband and only 14% were assaulted by a stranger. (National Violence Against Women Survey, 1998).

What is more, the above advice, which cautions women to be vigilant in public spaces and to avoid going out at night, conceals the fact that sexual assault does not usually occur in dark alleys or in deserted areas at night. In fact, 6 out of 10 sexual assaults occur in the home of the victim or the home of a friend, neighbor or relative (Greenfeld, 1997).

This kind of advice has been criticized by anti-rape activists for misrepresenting the frequency of assaults committed by strangers in isolated public places at night, and for understating the frequency of assaults committed by acquaintances, partners/spouses, and family members in private places.

This type of advice also shifts the focus away from the actions of the perpetrator and onto the victim. This type of advice can also contribute to much of the victim-blaming attitudes that many survivors encounter when they disclose the assault to others. It can also contribute to victims feeling like they are to blame for the assault because they have been told by our culture that it is their responsibility to aviod being assaulted.

See also

  • Rape
  • Medical emergency
  • Rape kit

External links

  • Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network, the United States' largest anti-sexual assault organization.
  • Rape Crisis Online Encyclopedia
  • Institute on Violence, Abuse and Trauma at Alliant International University
  • The Awareness Center, Inc. (Jewish Coalition Against Sexual Abuse/Assault)
  • Rape Crisis Information Pathfinder- research on sexual assault
  • Survivor bashing - bias motivated hate crimes
  • Female Sex Offenders
  • Sources for sexual assault prevention from various organizations:
    • U.S. Army Sexual Assault Prevention & Response Program
    • US Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency
    • NC Coalition Against Sexual Assault
    • MenCanStopRape.org
    • Men Stopping Rape, Inc, Madison, WI
    • BBC, from England
    • WomanAbusePrevention.com, from Canada
    • IndiaTogether.org, from India
    • The New York City Alliance Against Sexual Assault
  • There is an ongoing problem with sexual assault in the U.S. military which has resulted in a series of scandals which have received extensive media coverage.
    • Tailhook scandal
    • Assaults on trainees at Aberdeen, MD, 1996
    • 2003 US Air Force Academy sexual assault scandal
    • The Sexual Victimization of Native American Women
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault"