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  1. Atomic force microscope
  2. Atomic nanoscope
  3. Atom probe
  4. Ballistic conduction
  5. Bingel reaction
  6. Biomimetic
  7. Bio-nano generator
  8. Bionanotechnology
  9. Break junction
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  14. Carbyne
  15. CeNTech
  16. Chemical Compound Microarray
  17. Cluster
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  20. Computronium
  21. Coulomb blockade
  22. Diamondoids
  23. Dielectrophoresis
  24. Dip Pen Nanolithography
  25. DNA machine
  26. Ecophagy
  27. Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope
  28. Electron beam lithography
  29. Electrospinning
  30. Engines of Creation
  31. Exponential assembly
  32. Femtotechnology
  33. Fermi point
  34. Fluctuation dissipation theorem
  35. Fluorescence interference contrast microscopy
  36. Fullerene
  37. Fungimol
  38. Gas cluster ion beam
  39. Grey goo
  40. Hacking Matter
  41. History of nanotechnology
  42. Hydrogen microsensor
  43. Inorganic nanotube
  44. Ion-beam sculpting
  45. Kelvin probe force microscope
  46. Lab-on-a-chip
  47. Langmuir-Blodgett film
  48. LifeChips
  49. List of nanoengineering topics
  50. List of nanotechnology applications
  51. List of nanotechnology topics
  52. Lotus effect
  53. Magnetic force microscope
  54. Magnetic resonance force microscopy
  55. Mechanochemistry
  56. Mechanosynthesis
  57. MEMS thermal actuator
  58. Mesotechnology
  59. Micro Contact Printing
  60. Microelectromechanical systems
  61. Microfluidics
  62. Micromachinery
  63. Molecular assembler
  64. Molecular engineering
  65. Molecular logic gate
  66. Molecular manufacturing
  67. Molecular motors
  68. Molecular recognition
  69. Molecule
  70. Nano-abacus
  71. Nanoart
  72. Nanobiotechnology
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  74. Nanochemistry
  75. Nanocomputer
  76. Nanocrystal
  77. Nanocrystalline silicon
  78. Nanocrystal solar cell
  79. Nanoelectrochemistry
  80. Nanoelectrode
  81. Nanoelectromechanical systems
  82. Nanoelectronics
  83. Nano-emissive display
  84. Nanoengineering
  85. Nanoethics
  86. Nanofactory
  87. Nanoimprint lithography
  88. Nanoionics
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  91. Nanomaterial based catalyst
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  96. Nanoparticle
  97. Nanoparticle tracking analysis
  98. Nanophotonics
  99. Nanopore
  100. Nanoprobe
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  103. Nanorod
  104. Nanoscale
  105. Nano-Science Center
  106. Nanosensor
  107. Nanoshell
  108. Nanosight
  109. Nanosocialism
  110. Nanostructure
  111. Nanotechnology
  112. Nanotechnology education
  113. Nanotechnology in fiction
  114. Nanotoxicity
  115. Nanotube
  116. Nanovid microscopy
  117. Nanowire
  118. National Nanotechnology Initiative
  119. Neowater
  120. Niemeyer-Dolan technique
  121. Ormosil
  122. Photolithography
  123. Picotechnology
  124. Programmable matter
  125. Quantum dot
  126. Quantum heterostructure
  127. Quantum point contact
  128. Quantum solvent
  129. Quantum well
  130. Quantum wire
  131. Richard Feynman
  132. Royal Society's nanotech report
  133. Scanning gate microscopy
  134. Scanning probe lithography
  135. Scanning probe microscopy
  136. Scanning tunneling microscope
  137. Scanning voltage microscopy
  138. Self-assembled monolayer
  139. Self-assembly
  140. Self reconfigurable
  141. Self-Reconfiguring Modular Robotics
  142. Self-replication
  143. Smart dust
  144. Smart material
  145. Soft lithography
  146. Spent nuclear fuel
  147. Spin polarized scanning tunneling microscopy
  148. Stone Wales defect
  149. Supramolecular assembly
  150. Supramolecular chemistry
  151. Supramolecular electronics
  152. Surface micromachining
  153. Surface plasmon resonance
  154. Synthetic molecular motors
  155. Synthetic setae
  156. Tapping AFM
  157. There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom
  158. Transfersome
  159. Utility fog

 



NANOTECHNOLOGY
This article is from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip

All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License 

Lab-on-a-chip

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Lab-on-a-chip (LOC)

This is a term for devices that integrate (multiple) laboratory functions on a single chip of only millimeters to a few square centimeters in size and that are capable of handling extremely small fluid volumes down to less than pico liters. Lab-on-a-chip devices are a subset of MEMS devices and often indicated by "Micro Total Analysis Systems" (µTAS) as well. Microfluidics is a broader term that describes also mechanical flow control devices like pumps and valves or sensors like flowmeters and viscometers. However, strictly regarded "Lab-on-a-Chip" indicates generally the scaling of single or multiple lab processes down to chip-format, whereas "µTAS" is dedicated to the integration of the total sequence of lab processes to perform chemical analysis. The term "Lab-on-a-Chip" was introduced later on when it turned out that µTAS technologies were more widely applicable than only for analysis purposes.

History

After the discovery of microtechnology (~1958) for realizing integrated semiconductor structures for microelectronic chips, these lithography-based technologies were soon applied in pressure sensor manufacturing (1966) as well. Due to further development of these usually CMOS-compatibility limited processes, a tool box became available to create micrometre or sub-micrometre sized mechanical structures in silicon wafers as well: the Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) era (also indicated with Micro System Technology - MST) had started.

Next to pressure sensors, airbag sensors and other mechanically movable structures, fluid handling devices were developed. Examples are: channels (capillary connections), mixers, valves, pumps and dosing devices. The first LOC analysis system was a gas chromatograph, developed in 1975 by S.C. Terry - Stanford University. However, only at the end of the 1980’s, and beginning of the 1990’s, the LOC research started to seriously grow as a few research groups in Europe developed micropumps, flowsensors and the concepts for integrated fluid treatments for analysis systems. These µTAS concepts demonstrated that integration of pre-treatment steps, usually done at lab-scale, could extend the simple sensor functionality towards a complete laboratory analysis, including e.g. additional cleaning and separation steps.

A big boost in research and commercial interest came in the mid 1990’s, when µTAS technologies turned out to provide interesting tooling for genomics applications, like capillary electrophoresis and DNA microarrays. A big boost in research support also came from the military, especially from DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), for their interest in portable bio/chemical warfare agent detection systems. The added value was not only limited to integration of lab processes for analysis but also the characteristic possibilities of individual components and the application to other, non-analysis, lab processes. Hence the term "Lab-on-a-Chip" was introduced.

Although the application of LOCs is still novel and modest, a growing interest of companies and applied research groups is observed in different fields such as analysis (e.g. chemical analysis, environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics and cellomics) but also in synthetic chemistry (e.g. rapid screening and microreactors for pharmaceutics). Besides further application developments, research in LOC systems is expected to extend towards downscaling of fluid handling structures as well, by using nanotechnology. Sub-micrometre and nano-sized channels, DNA labyrinths, single cell detection an analysis and nano-sensors might become feasible that allow new ways of interaction with biological species and large molecules. One commercially very successful example for LOCs in life science is the developement of automated patch clamp chips, that allowed for drastically increased throughput for drug screening in the pharmaceutical industry.

Chip materials and fabrication technologies

The basis for most LOC fabrication processes is lithography. Initially most processes were in silicon, as these well-developed technologies were directly derived from semiconductor fabrication. Because of demands for e.g. specific optical characteristics, bio- or chemical compatibility, lower production costs and faster prototyping, new processes have been developed such as glass, ceramics and metal etching, deposition and bonding, PDMS processing (e.g., soft lithography), thick-film- and stereolithography as well as fast replication methods via electroplating, injection molding and embossing. Furthermore the LOC field more and more exceeds the borders between lithography-based microsystem technology, nano technology and precision engineering.

Advantages of LOCs

LOCs may provide advantages, very specifically for their applications. Typical advantages are:

  • low fluid volumes consumption, because of the low internal chip volumes, which is beneficial for e.g. environmental pollution (less waste), lower costs of expensive reagents and less sample fluid is used for diagnostics
  • higher analysis and control speed of the chip and better efficiency due to short mixing times (short diffusion distances), fast heating (short distances, high wall surface to fluid volume ratios, small heat capacities)
  • better process control because of a faster response of the system (e.g. thermal control for exothermic chemical reactions)
  • compactness of the systems, due to large integration of functionality and small volumes
  • massive parallelization due to compactness, which allows high-throughput analysis
  • lower fabrication costs, allowing cost-effective disposable chips, fabricated in mass production
  • safer platform for chemical, radioactive or biological studies because of large integration of functionality and low stored fluid volumes and energies

Disadvantages of LOCs

  • novel technology and therefore not fully developed yet
  • physical effects like capillary forces and chemical effects of channel surfaces become more dominant and make LOC systems behave differently and sometimes more complex than conventional lab equipment
  • detection principles may not always scale down in a positive way, leading to low signal to noise ratios

Examples of what you can do with the LOC

  • Real-time PCR ;detect bacteria, viruses and cancers.
  • Immunoassay ; detect bacteria, viruses and cancers based on antigen-antibody reactions.
  • Dielectrophoresis detecting cancer cells and bacteria.
  • Blood sample preparation ; can crack cells to extract DNA.
  • Cellular lab-on-a-chip for single-cell analysis.

External links


 

Laboratories

  • Landers Research Group, University of Virginia
  • Wheeler Lab-on-a-Chip Group at the University of Toronto
  • BIOS: The Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Research Institute, The Netherlands
  • ISAS: Instutute for Analytical Sciences, Germany
  • KTH - Microsystem Technology Group, Sweden
  • MIC - Institute for Micro and Nano technology, Denmark
  • Prof. D.J. Harisson's research page, University of Alberta, Canada
  • Lab-on-a-Chip Diagnostics, University of Texas at Austin
  • Bioanalytical Microsystems & Biosensors Lab, Cornell University
  • Craighead Research Group, Cornell University
  • Mathies Research Group, University of California, Berkeley
  • Kitamori Lab, Japan
  • MicroSystems and BioMEMS Lab, University of Cincinnati
  • Belder Research Group, University of Regensburg, Germany
  • Micro/Nano Research Laboratory, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
  • Research Group SynBioC, Ghent University
  • Advanced Micro- / Nano- Devices Lab, University of Waterloo, Canada

Companies

  • Advanced Liquid Logic - Lab-on-a-chip devices powered by Digital Microfluidics
  • Micronit Microfluidics - Design, development and fabrication of glass microfluidic chips and lab-on-a-chip devices
  • Syrris Ltd - Integrated microreactor solutions for R&D chemistry
  • The Dolomite Centre Ltd - Design led microfluidic technology and applications development and fabrication
  • miniFAB Pty Ltd - The micro, nano, bio company
  • Scientific Consultants
  • Cellix Ltd. - Microfluidics biochips, instrumentation and analysis software for cell based assays.
  • MicroPlumbers Microsciences LLC - Microdevice R&D consultants: biochemical, immunological, & optical sensors; fluid motion control.
  • Nanion Technologies GmbH - Microstructured Glass Arrays for automated patch clamp.

Journals

  • "Lab on a Chip"
  • "Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems"
  • "Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering"

Conferences

  • µTAS 2006 - 10th Intl. Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences - Tokyo, Japan - Nov 5-9, 2006
  • NanoTech 2006 - 10th European Conference on Micro & Nanoscale Technologies for the Biosciences - Montreux, Switzerland - Nov 14-16, 2006
  • MSB 2007 - 20th Intl. Symposium on Microscale Bioseparations - Vancouver, Canada - Jan 13-18, 2007
  • MEMS 2007 - 20th IEEE Intl. Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems - Kobe, Japan - Jan 21-25, 2007
  • Transducers 2007 - 14th Intl. Conference on Solid-State-Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems - Lyon, France - Jun 10-14, 2007
  • ASME ICNMM 2007 The 5th ASME Intl. Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels and Minichannels - Puebla, Mexico - Jun 18-20, 2007
  • GRC: Physics & Chemistry Of Microfluidics - Gordon Research Conference - Waterville Valley, USA - Jul 15-20, 2007
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip"