-
August
-
Five Star Movement
-
Washington Post
-
Edward Snowden
-
Language acquisition
-
British humour
-
Al Bano and Romina Power
-
Vladimir Putin
-
Artificial Intelligence
-
Artists and repertoire
-
Table tennis
-
List of Wikipedia controversies
-
Joke
-
Prince George of Cambridge
-
Giuseppe Ungaretti
-
International English
-
Mosquito
-
Flying saucer
-
Breakfast cereal
-
Bingo (UK)
-
Multilingualism
-
Religion in ancient Rome
-
Giallo
-
The Shock Doctrine
-
PDF (Portable Document Format)
-
Nazi plunder
-
Nanotechnology
-
Jennifer Lopez
-
Decline of Detroit
-
Firefox OS
-
Burj Khalifa (tallest building in the world)
|
WIKIMAG n. 9 - Agosto 2013
List of Wikipedia
controversies
Text is available under the
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional
terms may apply. See
Terms of
Use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the
Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
Traduzione
interattiva on/off
- Togli il segno di spunta per disattivarla
Ever since its launch in January 2001,
Wikipedia's open nature has led to various concerns, such as the
quality of writing, the amount of
vandalism, and the accuracy of information. The media have been
drawn to cover various controversial events related to Wikipedia and its
parent organization, the
Wikimedia Foundation (WMF), owing to either articles containing
false or inconsistent information, or some of the personalities
associated with Wikipedia becoming embroiled in contentious behavior.
The 2012 scandals involving paid consultancy for the government of
Gibraltar and potential conflicts of interest have highlighted
Wikipedia's vulnerabilities.[1]
The presence of inaccurate and false information, as well as the
perceived hostile editing climate, have been linked to a decline in
editor participation.[2]
Controversies within and concerning Wikipedia and the WMF have been the
subject of several scholarly papers. This list is a collection of the
more notable instances.
Overview
The nature of Wikipedia controversies has been analyzed by many
scholars. For example, sociologist Howard Rheingold says that "Wikipedia
controversies have revealed the evolution of social mechanisms in the
Wikipedia community";[3]
a study of the politicization of socio-technical spaces remarked that
Wikipedia "controversies... become fully fledged when they are
advertised outside the page being debated";[4]
and even one college discusses Wikipedia as a curricular tool, in that
"recent controversies involving Wikipedia [are used] as a basis for
discussion of ethics and bias."[5]
Despite being promoted as an encyclopedia "anyone can edit", the
ability to edit controversial pages is sometimes restricted due to "edit
wars" or vandalism.[6]
To address criticism about restricting access while still minimizing
malicious editing of those pages, Wikipedia has also trialed measures
such as "pending changes" that would open contentious articles up for
more people to edit, then subject their contributions to approval from
more established members of the site.[7][8]
2002
- February 2002 – In late February 2002, the Spanish
Wikipedia community decided to break away ("fork") from Wikipedia to
protest against plans by co-founders Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger to
sell advertising on Wikipedia sites.[9]
The fork, set up by volunteer Edgar Enyedy, was hosted at the
University of Seville under the name Enciclopedia Libre.[10]
Most of the Spanish volunteers followed Enyedy and produced over
10,000 articles within less than a year, leaving the Spanish
Wikipedia virtually inactive until mid-2003.[10]
The question of advertising has ever since been a sensitive subject
on Wikipedia.[10]
In an interview with
Wired in January 2011, Wales categorically denied supporting the
plans for advertising,[11]
prompting a public dispute with Sanger.[12]
"The suggestion that I demanded ads and that Jimmy Wales was opposed
to them is, I am afraid, yet another self-serving lie from Wales",
wrote Sanger.[12]
As late as 2006 Wales was refusing to deny that there would ever be
advertising on Wikipedia. In January of that year he told a reporter
from
ClickZ that "[t]he question is going to arise as to whether we
could better pursue our charitable mission with the additional money
[ads would bring]. We have never said there would absolutely never
be ads on Wikipedia."[13]
2004
- August 2004 –
Alexander Halavais, then assistant professor at
SUNY Buffalo,[14]
decided to test claims regarding the speed at which errors in
Wikipedia were corrected by deliberately introducing thirteen errors
into Wikipedia articles.[15]
The errors were corrected within three hours and Halavais was warned
by other editors to "refrain from writing nonsense articles and
falsifying information."[16]
Halavais's methodology has been criticized as being tainted by an
"association effect" since, once it was noted that he had introduced
one error, his other introduced errors were discovered by checking
the contributions of his account.[17]
2005
- September 2005
-
The Seigenthaler incident,[18]
was a series of events that began in May 2005 with the
anonymous posting of a hoax article in the online
encyclopedia
Wikipedia about
John Seigenthaler, a well-known
American journalist. The article falsely stated that
Seigenthaler had been a suspect in the
assassinations of
U.S. President
John F. Kennedy and
Attorney General
Robert F. Kennedy. Then 78-year-old Seigenthaler, who had
been a friend and aide to Robert Kennedy, characterized the
Wikipedia entry about him as "Internet character assassination".[19]
The perpetrator of the hoax, Brian Chase, was identified by
Wikipedia critic Daniel Brandt and reporters for the
New York Times.[20]
The hoax was removed from Wikipedia in early October 2005
(although the false information stayed on Answers.com and
Reference.com for another three weeks), after which Seigenthaler
wrote about his experience in
USA Today.[19][21]
- Professional book indexer Daniel Brandt started Wikipedia
criticism website wikipedia-watch.org[20]
in response to his unpleasant experience while trying to get his
biography deleted.[22]
- November/December 2005 – The
IP address assigned to the
United States House of Representatives was blocked from editing
Wikipedia because of a large number of edits comprising a
"deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of the
encyclopedia."[23]
According to
CBS
News these changes included edits to
Marty Meehan's Wikipedia article to give it a more positive
tone.[24]
The edits to Meehan's article prompted a former director of the
United States Office of Government Ethics to say that "[t]hat
kind of usage, plus the fact that they're changing one person's
material, is certainly wrong and ought to be at a minimum the focus
of some disciplinary action".[23]
- December 2005 – In December 2005 Wikipedia co-founder
Jimmy Wales was caught editing his own Wikipedia entry. According to
public logs, he had edited his biography 18 times, seven times
altering information about whether
Larry Sanger was a co-founder of Wikipedia. It was also revealed
that Wales had edited the Wikipedia article of his former company,
Bomis.
"Bomis Babes", a section of the Bomis website, had been
characterized in the article as "soft-core pornography," but Wales
revised this to "adult content section" and deleted mentions of
pornography. He said he was fixing an error, and didn't agree with
calling Bomis Babes soft porn. Wales conceded that he had made the
changes, but maintained that they were technical corrections.[25][26]
2006
- February 1, 2006 – The
Henryk Batuta hoax was uncovered by editors on the
Polish Wikipedia. Batuta was claimed to be a Polish Communist
revolutionary who was an associate of
Ernest Hemingway. It was referenced in seventeen other articles
before the hoax was uncovered.[27]
The Batuta hoax was perpetrated by a group of Polish Wikipedia
editors called the Batuta Army. One of the group's members, whose
nom du edite is "Marek," told
The Observer that they had created the hoax article in order to
draw attention to the ongoing use of the names of Soviet officials
for streets and other public areas in Poland. Marek stated that
"Many of these people were traitors and murderers who do not deserve
such an honour"[28]
- March 2006 – Wikipedia critic Daniel Brandt discovered
142 instances of plagiarism in Wikipedia articles.[29]
Brandt told the
Associated Press after his discovery that "[t]hey present it as
an encyclopedia. They go around claiming it's almost as good as
Britannica. They are trying to be mainstream respectable."[30]
- Early to mid-2006 – The
congressional aides biography scandals came to public attention,
in which several political aides were caught trying to influence the
Wikipedia biographies of several politicians to remove undesirable
information (including pejorative statements quoted, or broken
campaign promises), add favorable information or "glowing" tributes,
or replace the article in part or whole by staff authored
biographies. The staff of at least five politicians were implicated:
Marty Meehan,
Norm Coleman,
Conrad Burns,
Joe Biden,
Gil Gutknecht.[31]
In a separate but similar incident the campaign manager for
Cathy Cox, Morton Brilliant, resigned after being found to have
added negative information to the Wikipedia entries of political
opponents.[32]
Following media publicity, the incidents tapered off around August
2006.
- July 2006 –
MyWikiBiz was founded by
Gregory Kohs and his sister to provide paid editing services on
Wikipedia.[33]
Although Kohs, after some research, concluded that there were no
Wikipedia policies forbidding this activity, his Wikipedia account
was blocked shortly after the August publication of a press release
announcing the establishment of the business. The salient Wikipedia
policies were soon edited to forbid the kinds of activities in which
MyWikiBiz was engaging. Jimmy Wales defended this decision and the
permanent exclusion of Kohs from Wikipedia, even as he acknowledged
that surreptitious paid editing occurred consistently, saying that
"[i]t's one thing to acknowledge there's always going to be a little
of this, but another to say, 'Bring it on.'"[34][35]
2007
- January 2007
- In January 2007 English-language Wikipedians in
Qatar
were briefly blocked from editing, following a spate of
vandalism, by an administrator who did not realize that the
country's internet traffic is routed through a single
IP address.[36]
Multiple media sources promptly declared that Wikipedia was
banning Qatar from the site.[37]
- It was revealed that
Microsoft had paid programmer
Rick Jelliffe to edit Wikipedia articles about Microsoft
products.[38]
In particular, Microsoft paid Jelliffe to edit, among others,
the article on
Office Open XML.[39]
A spokesman for Microsoft explained that the company thought the
articles in question had been heavily biased by editors at
Microsoft rival
IBM
and that having a seemingly independent editor add the material
would make it more acceptable to other Wikipedia editors.[40]
- February 2007
- On February 13, 2007, American professional golfer
Fuzzy Zoeller sued the
Miami foreign-credential evaluation firm of Josef Silny &
Associates. The lawsuit alleged that
defamatory statements appeared in the
Wikipedia article about Zoeller in December 2006,
originating from a computer at that firm.[41][42]
- Barbara Bauer, a literary agent, sued Wikimedia for
defamation and causing harm to her business, the Barbara Bauer
Literary Agency.[43]
In Bauer v. Glatzer, Bauer claimed that information on
Wikipedia critical of her abilities as a literary agent caused
this harm. The
Electronic Frontier Foundation defended Wikipedia[44]
and moved to dismiss the case on May 1, 2008.
-
Taner Akçam, a Turkish academic who was one of the first to
acknowledge and openly discuss the
Armenian Genocide, was detained in Canada at the
airport in Montreal for nearly four hours after arriving on
a flight from the United States.[45]
He was due to give a lecture at the invitation of the
McGill University Faculty of Law and
Concordia University. In explaining his detention, Taner
Akçam says that Canadian authorities referred to an inaccurate
version of his biography on
Wikipedia from around December 24, 2006, which called him a
terrorist.[45][46]
- March 2007
- The
Essjay controversy was sparked when
The New Yorker magazine issued a rare editorial
correction saying that a prominent
English Wikipedia editor and administrator known as "Essjay",
whom they had interviewed and described in a July 2006 article
as a "tenured professor of religion at a private university" who
held a "Ph.D. in theology and a degree in canon law", was in
fact a 24-year-old who held no advanced degrees.[47][48][49]
Essjay had invented a completely false identity for his
pseudonymous participation in Wikipedia.[47]
In January 2007, however, Essjay became a
Wikia
employee and divulged his real name, Ryan Jordan; this was
noticed by Daniel Brandt of Wikipedia Watch, who communicated
Essjay's identity to The New Yorker.[47][50]
Jordan held trusted volunteer positions within Wikipedia known
as "administrator", "bureaucrat", "checkuser", "arbitrator",
and "mediator".[47]
Responding to the controversy, Jimmy Wales, travelling in India
at the time and perhaps not in full possession of the facts,
stated that he viewed Essjay's made-up persona like a pseudonym
and did not really have a problem with it: "Essjay has always
been, and still is, a fantastic editor and trusted member of the
community ... He has been thoughtful and contrite about the
entire matter, and I consider it settled."[47]
The incident caused wide-ranging debates in the Wikipedia
community, and saw Wikipedia co-founder
Larry Sanger return to Wikipedia to challenge Wales: "Jimmy,
to call yourself a tenured professor, when you aren't one, is
not a 'pseudonym'. It's identity fraud. And the full question is
not why you appointed Essjay to ArbCom, but: why did you ignore
the obvious moral implications of the fact that he had
fraudulently pretended to be a professor – ignoring those
implications even to the point of giving him a job and
appointing him to ArbCom – until now?"[47]
As a result of the controversy, Wales eventually invited Jordan
to relinquish his responsibilities on Wikipedia, which he did;
Jordan also quit his job at Wikia.[50]
- June 2007 – In June 2007 a statement regarding Nancy
Benoit's death was added to the Chris Benoit
English Wikipedia article fourteen hours before police
discovered the bodies of Benoit and his family. This seemingly
prescient addition was initially reported on
Wikinews and later on
Fox News Channel. The article originally read: "Chris Benoit was
replaced by
Johnny Nitro for the
ECW World Championship match at
Vengeance, as Benoit was not there due to personal issues,
stemming from the death of his wife Nancy." The phrase "stemming
from the death of his wife Nancy" was added at 12:01 a.m.
EDT on June 25,[51]
whereas the Fayette County police reportedly discovered the bodies
of the Benoit family at 2:30 p.m. EDT (14 hours, 29 minutes later).
The
IP address of the editor was traced to
Stamford, Connecticut, which is also the location of WWE
headquarters.[52]
After news of the early death notice reached mainstream media, the
anonymous poster accessed Wikinews to explain his edit as a "huge
coincidence and nothing more."[53][54]
- August 2007 - It became known that Virgil Griffith, a
Caltech computation and neural-systems graduate student, created
a searchable database that linked changes made by anonymous
Wikipedia editors to companies and organizations from which the
changes were made. The database cross-referenced logs of Wikipedia
edits with publicly available records pertaining to the internet
IP addresses edits were made from.[55]
Then-24-year-old Virgil Griffith invented WikiScanner to
"create minor public relations disasters" for companies
editing Wikipedia with a conflict of interest
Griffith was motivated by the edits from the United States Congress,
and wanted to see if others were similarly promoting themselves. He
was particularly interested in finding scandals, especially at large
and controversial corporations. He said he wanted to, "create minor
public relations disasters for companies and organizations I dislike
(and) to see what 'interesting organizations' (which I am neutral
towards) are up to."
He also wanted to give Wikipedia readers a tool to check edits for
accuracy[55]
and allow the automation and
indexing of edits.[57]
Most of the edits Wikiscanner found were minor or harmless,[55]
but the site was mined to detect the most controversial and
embarrassing instance of conflict of interest edits.[58]
These instances received media coverage worldwide. Included among
the accused were the
Vatican,[59][60]
the CIA,[55][60][61]
the
Federal Bureau of Investigation,
the US
Democratic Party's Congressional Campaign Committee,[60][62]
the
US Republican Party,[57][62]
Britain's
Labour Party,[62]
Britain's
Conservative Party,[57]
the
Canadian government,[63]
Industry Canada,[64]
the Department of Prime Minister, Cabinet, and Defence in Australia,[65][66][67][68][69]
the
United Nations,[70]
the
US Senate,[71]
the US
Department of Homeland Security,[72]
the US
Environmental Protection Agency,[72]
Montana Senator
Conrad Burns,[55]
Ohio Governor
Bob
Taft,[73]
Prince Johan Friso and his wife
Princess Mabel of the Netherlands,[74][75]
the
Israeli government,[76]
Exxon Mobil,[77]
Walmart,[55][77]
AstraZeneca,
Diebold,[55][57][62]
Dow Chemical,[57]
Disney,[63]
Dell,[77]
Anheuser-Busch,[78]
Nestlé,[57]
Pepsi,
Boeing,[57]
Sony Computer Entertainment,[79]
EA,[80]
SCO Group,[78]
MySpace,[57]
Pfizer,[72]
Raytheon,[72]
DuPont,[81]
Anglican and Catholic churches,[57]
the
Church of Scientology,[57][63]
the
World Harvest Church,[73]
Amnesty International,[57]
the
Discovery Channel,[57]
Fox News,[62][82]
CBS,
The Washington Post, the
National Rifle Association,[57]
News International,[57]
Al Jazeera,[72]
Bob Jones University,[72]
and
Ohio State University.[73]
Although the edits correlated with known IP addresses, there was no
proof that the changes actually came from a member of the
organization or employee of the company, only that someone had
access to their network.[60]
Wikipedia spokespersons received WikiScanner positively, noting that
it helped prevent conflicts of interest from influencing articles
as well as increasing transparency[60]
and mitigating attempts to remove or distort relevant facts.[57]
In 2008 Griffith released an updated version of WikiScanner called
WikiWatcher, which also exploited a common mistake made by users
with registered accounts who accidentally forget to log in,
revealing their IP address and subsequently their affiliations.[83]
As of March 2012 WikiScanner's website was online, but not
functioning.[84]
- September 2007
-
Auren Hoffman was noted by
VentureBeat in 2007 as having edited his own Wikipedia
profile under a pseudonym. Hoffman responded that he was editing
his profile to remove inappropriate comments.[85]
- One thousand IPs were blocked in Utah in order to prevent
further edits from a highly active user who had been banned from
editing Wikipedia.[86][87]
- October 2007 – In their obituaries of recently deceased
TV theme composer
Ronnie Hazlehurst, many British media organisations reported
that he had co-written the
S Club 7 song "Reach".
In fact, he hadn't, and it was discovered that this information had
been sourced from a hoax edit to Hazlehurst's Wikipedia article.[88][89]
- December 2007 – In December 2007 it became known that the
Wikimedia Foundation, which runs the Wikipedia website and accepts
donations for Wikipedia, had failed to do a basic background check
and hired a woman, Carolyn Doran, as its chief operating officer who
had criminal records in three states, for theft, drunken driving and
fleeing a car accident.[90][91]
According to
The Register, Doran left her position after yet another
arrest for DUI; the Wikimedia Foundation lawyer,
Mike Godwin, was quoted as saying, "We've never had any
documentation of any criminal record on Carolyn Doran's part at all.
As far as I'm concerned, I have no direct knowledge of [her criminal
record] yet...We have, in our records, no evidence of any such
thing."[92]
2008
- February 2008 – A group of
Muslims
started an online petition demanding that Wikipedia remove images of
the prophet
Muhammed from Wikipedia articles about him since some followers
of Islam
believe that such images violate the precepts of the religion.[93]
Protesters also organized an email campaign to pressure the English
Wikipedia into removing the offending images.[94]
By February 7, approximately 100,000 people had signed the petition
and the article had been protected from editing by non-registered
users. Jay Walsh, Wikimedia Foundation spokesman, told
Information Week that "Noncensorship is an important tenet of
the user community and the edit community" and Mathias Schindler, of
Wikimedia Deutschland, said in response to efforts to have the
images removed from the German language Wikipedia that "Wikipedia is
an encyclopedia, not a venue for an inner-Muslim debate."[95]
- March 2008
- Wikipedia co-founder
Jimmy Wales used Wikipedia to end a relationship he was
having with
Rachel Marsden,[96]
by adding a single sentence to his own Wikipedia user page
stating "I am no longer involved with Rachel Marsden."[97]
This was interpreted as a wider Wikipedia controversy because of
the suggestion (from released private chat logs purportedly
between Marsden and Wales) that Wales had previously edited
Marsden's biographical article on Wikipedia, at the request of
Marsden (before they were romantically involved).[98]
- Jimmy Wales was accused by former Wikimedia Foundation
employee Danny Wool of misusing the foundation's funds for
recreational purposes. Wool also stated that Wales had his
Wikimedia credit card taken away in part because of his spending
habits, a claim Wales denied.[99]
Then-chairperson of the foundation
Florence Devouard and former foundation interim Executive
Director Brad Patrick denied any wrongdoing by Wales or the
foundation, saying that Wales accounted for every expense and
that, for items for which he lacked receipts, he paid out of his
own pocket; in private, Devouard upbraided Wales for "constantly
trying to rewrite the past".[100]
- It was claimed by Jeffrey Vernon Merkey that Wales had
edited Merkey's Wikipedia entry to make it more favorable in
return for donations to the Wikimedia Foundation, an allegation
Wales dismissed as "nonsense".[101][102]
- April 2008 –
Phorm
deleted material related to a controversy over its advertising
deals.[103][104]
- May 2008 – A long-running dispute between members of the
Church of Scientology and Wikipedia editors reached Wikipedia's
arbitration committee. The church members were accused of attempting
to sway articles in the church's interests, while other editors were
accused of the opposite. The arbitration committee unanimously voted
to block all edits from the IP addresses associated with the church;
several Scientology critics were banned too.[105]
- June 2008
- In 2007,
Jim Prentice, then member of the
Parliament of Canada for
Calgary and
Minister of Industry, introduced copyright protection
legislation, which was compared by many to the
DMCA.[106]
The legislation was controversial and Prentice withdrew it in
December 2007.[107]
By June 2008 there was a great deal of speculation in the
Canadian press that Prentice would eventually succeed
Stephen Harper as
Prime Minister of Canada.[108]
Michael Geist, professor of internet law at the
University of Ottawa, discovered that a series of anonymous
edits to Prentice's Wikipedia article had been made in late May
and early June from an IP address owned by
Industry Canada, Prentice's ministry. The edits removed
critical mentions of Prentice's involvement with the copyright
legislation and added generic positive claims about the
minister.[109]
Geist announced his findings about the edits, which one Canadian
commentator called "hagiographic palaver extolling Prentice,"[108]
on his blog, michaelgeist.ca.[106]
- Australian press stated that American law firm
Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft had threatened the Wikimedia
Foundation on behalf of then-Telstra-CEO
Solomon Trujillo.[110]
The letter allegedly stated, in part: "If Wikipedia and
Wikimedia do not remove the improper language by that time (7pm
on March 7), and take the steps necessary to block its being
reinserted, Mr (Trujillo) intends to commence litigation ..."[111]
and reportedly demanded that the editor responsible for the
defamatory material be blocked.[110]
Jimmy Wales denied that any such threat had been received,
stating that "It is sad to see a media so irresponsible as to
make it seem that Wikipedia would cave to a few lawyers letters
objecting to legitimate criticism. It is even sadder to see Mr
Trujillo attacked by that same irresponsible media for something
he did not do."[112]
- August 2008 –
Republican senator and then presidential candidate
John McCain was accused of plagiarizing elements of a speech he
gave on the
Republic of Georgia from Wikipedia. The
Congressional Quarterly found that McCain's speech contained two
passages which were substantially identical to passages in the
Wikipedia article on the country and that a third passage "bore
striking resemblances."[113]
McCain's speech was written by speechwriters rather than by the
candidate himself. After the Congressional Quarterly's report was
released, McCain's aides released a statement that said, in part,
"there are only so many ways to state basic historical facts and
dates and that any similarities to Wikipedia were only
coincidental".[114]
- September 2008 - There were suspicious updates to
Sarah Palin's biography after the announcement that she would
run for the vice-presidency.[115]
- November 2008 –
New York Times reporter
David Rohde was kidnapped by the
Taliban while reporting in
Afghanistan. The Times feared that reporting of the matter would
endanger Rohde's life, so they didn't mention it in their pages.[116]
Statements about Rohde's kidnapping were edited into Wikipedia
during the voluntary news blackout, however. Representatives of the
Times called Jimmy Wales and asked him to suppress the information.
He agreed to take care of it, but in order to avoid the scrutiny
which attends his edits to Wikipedia, Wales asked an unnamed
administrator on the site to delete the information instead.[117]
Wales told Times media reporter
Richard Pérez-Peña that “We were really helped by the fact that
it hadn’t appeared in a place we would regard as a reliable source.
I would have had a really hard time with it if it had.”[118]
The
Christian Science Monitor reported that Wales's actions were the
subject of much criticism from bloggers and journalists, who argued
that information suppression undermined the credibility of
Wikipedia.[118]
- December 2008
- In early December the
Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) added the Wikipedia page
about the album
Virgin Killer to its blacklist of websites containing
material potentially illegal in the
United Kingdom because it contains an image of a naked
prepubescent girl.[119]
The IWF's blacklist is voluntarily enforced by 95% of British
Internet Service Providers and their action left most British
residents unable to edit any page on Wikipedia.[120]
The
Wikimedia Foundation (WMF) protested the blacklisting of the
page even though, as the IWF stated at the time, "the image in
question is potentially in breach of the
Protection of Children Act 1978," and, in an "unprecedented"
move, the IWF agreed to remove the page from its blacklist.[121]
- Professor T. Mills Kelly conducts a class project on "Lying
About the Past", which results in the
Edward Owens hoax. A biography was created about "Edward
Owens" who was claimed to be an oyster fisherman that became a
pirate during the period of the
Long Depression, targeting ships in the
Chesapeake Bay. It was revealed when media outlets began
reporting the story as fact.[122][123]
2009
- January 20, 2009 – The Wikipedia article for
West Virginia senator
Robert Byrd was briefly edited to state, incorrectly, that he
had died.[124]
Senator
Edward Kennedy's article was also changed at this time to
reflect his notional death. Shortly thereafter Jimmy Wales was
quoted by Fox News as saying "This nonsense would have been 100%
prevented by Flagged Revisions".[125]
- February 2009 –
Scott Kildall and collaborator
Nathaniel Stern created Wikipedia Art,[126]
a
performance art piece as a live article on Wikipedia. Site
editors quickly concluded that the project violated Wikipedia's
rules and opted to delete it 15 hours after it was initially posted.
A month later, Kildall and Stern received a letter from a law firm
representing the
Wikimedia Foundation, claiming the domain name,
wikipediaart.org, infringed on their trademark.[127]
The ensuing controversy was reported in the national press.[128]
Wikipedia Art has since been included in the
Internet Pavilion of the
Venice Biennale for 2009.[129]
It also appeared in a revised form at the
Transmediale festival in Berlin in 2011.[130]
- March 2009
- Mere hours after the death of French composer
Maurice Jarre, Irish student Shane Fitzgerald added a phony
quote to Jarre's Wikipedia article. The quote said "One could
say my life itself has been one long soundtrack. Music was my
life, music brought me to life, and music is how I will be
remembered long after I leave this life. When I die there will
be a final waltz playing in my head, that only I can hear."[131]
The quote was quickly copy/pasted by journalists and
incorporated into numerous obituaries of Jarre published in
newspapers around the world,[132]
including
The Guardian and
The Independent.[133]
- In early March 2009, conservative website
WorldNetDaily published a report by staffer
Aaron Klein which claimed that liberal editors routinely
whitewashed U. S. President
Barack Obama's Wikipedia article. Klein's report claimed,
e.g., that "[m]ultiple times, Wikipedia users who wrote about
the eligibility issues had their entries deleted almost
immediately and were banned from posting any material on the
website for three days."[134]
It was revealed within days that there was only one such editor,
called "Jerusalem21," and that that editor's only other edits
were to Aaron Klein's Wikipedia article. Under questioning from
journalists, Klein stated that "I am not 'Jerusalem21', but I do
know the Wikipedia user (he works with me and does research for
me), and I worked with him on this story," thus undermining the
credibility of his report.[135]
- May 2009 – Wikipedian David Boothroyd created controversy
in 2009 when it was discovered that he edited
Wikipedia under the user names "Dbiv", "Fys", and "Sam
Blacketer" and eventually became part of the site's policy-enforcing
Arbitration Committee. After earning Administrator status with one
account, then being de-sysopped for inappropriate use of the admin
tools, Boothroyd regained Administrator status with the "Sam
Blacketer" sockpuppet account. A
Labour Party member, after being sleuthed out by
Wikipedia Review contributor, "Tarantino", Boothroyd outed
himself for having used
sockpuppets in the course of obtaining his position and for
having edited the article of
Conservative Party leader
David Cameron.[136][137]
- June 2009
-
Chris Anderson, editor of
Wired, was accused by the
Virginia Quarterly Review of plagiarizing material for
his book
Free: The Future of a Radical Price from Wikipedia.[138]
Anderson claimed that he had originally attributed the material
properly but that due to disagreements with his publisher over
formatting it had ended up in the published work without
quotation marks. He took responsibility for the error, saying
“That’s my screw-up.”[139]
Anderson announced that the attribution errors would be
corrected in the online version of the book and in future
publications.[140]
Anderson's book is a defense of the notion of free content
exemplified by Wikipedia,[141]
so the fact that he plagiarized material for it was seen by at
least one commentator as "riddled with savage irony."[139]
- James Heilman, a Canadian doctor, uploaded to Wikipedia
copies of all 10 inkblot images used in the
Rorschach test, on the grounds that
copyright to the images had expired.[142]
Heilman was widely criticized by psychologists who used the test
as a diagnostic tool, because they were worried that patients
with prior knowledge of the inkblots would be able to influence
their diagnoses. In response to Heilman's posting of the images,
a number of psychologists registered Wikipedia accounts to argue
against their retention.[143]
Later that year two psychologists filed a complaint against
Heilman with the
Saskatchewan medical licensing board, arguing that his
uploading of the images constituted unprofessional behavior.[144]
- July 2009 – July 14, 2009, the National Portrait Gallery
issued a cease and desist letter for alleged breach of copyright,
against a Wikipedia editor who downloaded more than 3,000
high-resolution images from the NPG website, and placed them on
Wikimedia Commons.[145][146][147][148]
- November 2009 – Convicted German murderers
Wolfgang Werlé and Manfred Lauber sued the
Wikimedia Foundation (WMF) in German courts, demanding that
their names be removed from the English Wikipedia's article on their
victim,
Walter Sedlmayr.[149]
Such suppression is allowed under German privacy laws.[150]
Alexander H. Stopp, the two men's lawyer, succeeded in forcing the
German Wikipedia to remove their names.
Mike Godwin responded on behalf of the WMF, stating that the
organization “doesn’t edit content at all, unless we get a court
order from a court of competent jurisdiction. [I]f our German
editors have chosen to remove the names of the murderers from their
article on Walter Sedlmayr, we support them in that choice. The
English-language editors have chosen to include the names of the
killers, and we support them in that choice.”[151]
- December 2009 – Actor
Ron Livingston, star of the 1999 film
Office Space, filed a lawsuit in
Los Angeles County Superior Court against a
John Doe who had repeatedly edited Livingston's Wikipedia
article to include statements that Livingston was gay and in a
relationship with a (possibly notional) man named Lee Dennison.[152]
The lawsuit also claimed that the John Doe defendant had set up
phony Facebook profiles for Livingston and his putative partner.[153]
The suit named neither Wikipedia nor Facebook, but was evidently
intended to give Livingston the power to subpoena identifying
information from the two organizations about the anonymous
defendant.[154]
The lawsuit was followed by a manifestation of the
Streisand effect as Livingston was targeted with accusations of
homophobia. Jay Walsh, then head of communication for the Wikimedia
Foundation, said that "This is a serious issue. We take it quite
seriously. We understand real people are reflected in these
articles. ... Articles about living people are tough articles to
manage. Someone who is a fan or an enemy might try to attack or
vandalize those articles. This isn’t a new scenario for us to
witness."[155]
2010
- April 2010 – Wikipedia's co-founder, Larry Sanger,
informed the FBI that a large amount of
child pornography was available on
Wikimedia Commons. Sanger told
Fox News that “I wasn’t shocked that it was online, but I was
shocked that it was on a Wikimedia Foundation site that purports to
be a reference site.”[156]
Co-founder
Jimmy Wales responded by claiming that a strong statement from
the
Wikimedia Foundation would be forthcoming.[157]
In the weeks following Sanger's letter, Wales responded by
unilaterally deleting a number of images which he personally deemed
to be pornographic. Wales's unilateral actions led to an outcry from
the Wikipedian community, which in turn prompted Wales to
voluntarily relinquish some of his user privileges.[158]
- July 2010 – Following the football World Cup the
FIFA
president
Sepp Blatter was awarded the Order of The Companions of O R
Tambo for his contribution over the World Cup. The South African
Government's webpage announcing the award referred to him as Joseph
Sepp B******d Blatter, the nickname having been taken from his
vandalized
Wikipedia article.[159][160]
- September 2010 – Right-wing radio presenter
Rush Limbaugh broadcast a discussion of an upcoming hearing in
the
United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida
courtroom of judge
Roger Vinson of the case
Florida et al v. United States Department of Health and Human
Services, one of the cases brought by U. S. states
challenging the
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare).[161]
Limbaugh told his audience that Vinson had previously killed three
brown bears and mounted their heads over the door of his courtroom
in order, according to Limbaugh, to "instill the fear of God into
the accused."[162]
This, stated Limbaugh, "would not be good news" for supporters of
Obamacare. However, the story was not only false, but had been
edited into Vinson's Wikipedia article a scant few days before the
broadcast.[163]
The bear-hunting information inserted into the Wikipedia article was
sourced to a nonexistent story in the
Pensacola News Journal. A spokesman for Limbaugh told the
New York Times that a researcher for Limbaugh's show had found the
information on the News Journal website, but that newspaper's
managing editor told the Times that no such information had
ever been published there.[162]
2011
- June 2011
- Potential candidate for U. S. President
Sarah Palin described
American Revolutionary War hero
Paul Revere as "he who warned the British that they weren’t
going to be taking away our arms, by ringing those bells."[164]
This description, characterized by
US News and World Report (USN&WR) as "flummoxed ramblings,"[165]
kicked off a battle over the contents of the English Wikipedia's
article about Revere.[166]
Palin's remarks and various interpretations were added by
supporters to the Wikipedia page and just as quickly removed by
detractors, although at least one commentator opined that "in
some cases people appeared to be attributing the claims to Ms.
Palin in order to mock her."[167]
In the 10 days following Palin's remark Revere's Wikipedia page
received over a half million page views and led to extensive and
inconclusive discussion on the article's talk page and in the
national media about whether the episode had improved or harmed
the article.[164]
Robert Schlesinger, writing in USN&WR, summarized the
episode by saying that "[i]t used to be said of conservatism
that it stood athwart history and yelled 'stop.' Increasingly it
seems to stand beside reality while hitting the 'edit' button."[166]
-
PR Week reported on a 'fixer', a known but unnamed
London-based figure in the PR industry who offered services to
'cleanse' articles. Wikipedia entries this person was accused of
changing included "Carphone Warehouse co-founder
David Ross, Von Essen Group chairman
Andrew Davis, British property developer
David Rowland, billionaire Saudi tycoon
Maan Al-Sanea, and
Edward Stanley, 19th Earl of Derby. According to PR Week,
42 edits were made from the same IP address, most of them
removing negative or controversial information, or adding
positive information.[168][169]
- September 2011 – British writer and journalist
Johann Hari admitted using Wikipedia to attack his opponents[170]
by editing the online encyclopedia's articles about them under a
pseudonym.[171]
Using a
sockpuppet, Hari engaged in a six-year trolling spree where he
would repeatedly paint himself in a flattering light while also
inserting fabrications in the entries for people he considered
enemies, such as
Francis Wheen,
Nick Cohen,
Niall Ferguson, and
Christina Odone,[172]
who he falsely said had been fired from her job at the Catholic
Herald. Odone also suspects Hari of having made anonymous edits
calling her an antisemite.[173]
- November 2011 – After the
South African government passed the
Protection of State Information Bill, a law which criminalized
certain forms of speech in that country, the Wikipedia article about
the ruling
African National Congress (ANC) party was altered in protest.[174]
The protesters deleted phrases on the page which were critical of
the ANC, presumably suggesting that they would be illegal under the
new law.[175]
This was denied by ANC spokesman Keith Khoza, who stated that the
edits were "conduct ... not consistent with a civilised society. How
does that assist any cause or anybody to tamper with information?"[174]
2012
- January 2012
- British MP
Tom Watson discovered that
Portland Communications had been removing the nickname of
one of its clients' products ("Wife Beater", referring to
Anheuser-Busch InBev's
Stella Artois beer) from Wikipedia.
Chartered Institute of Public Relations (CIPR) CEO Jane
Wilson noted, "Stella Artois is on the 'wife-beater' page
because it is a nick-name in common currency for that brand of
strong continental lager. The brand managers who want to change
this have a wider reputational issue to address, editing the
term from a Wikipedia page will not get rid of this
association."[176]
Other edits from Portland's offices included changes to articles
about another Portland client, the
Kazakhstan's
BTA Bank, and its former head
Mukhtar Ablyazov. Portland did not deny making the changes,
arguing they had been done transparently and in accordance with
Wikipedia's policies.[177]
Portland Communications welcomed CIPR's subsequent announcement
of a collaboration with Wikipedia and invited Jimmy Wales to
speak to their company, as he did at
Bell Pottinger.[178]
Tom Watson was optimistic about the collaboration: "PR
professionals need clear guidelines in this new world of
online-information-sharing. That's why I am delighted that
interested parties are coming together to establish a clear code
of conduct."[179]
- It became known that during the 2008 US presidential race,
changes made by both
Barack Obama and
John McCain's campaigns made the news.[180]
- February 2012 – American labor historian
Timothy Messer-Kruse, an expert on the
Haymarket affair, published an article in the
Chronicle of Higher Education describing his three-year
struggle to edit the Wikipedia article on the subject.[181]
Messer-Kruse had discovered new primary sources which, in his
professional opinion, cast doubt on the conventional view of the
incident. In 2009, when he first tried to edit the article to
include the new information, he was told by other editors that
primary sources weren't acceptable and that he'd have to find
published secondary sources.[182]
As he later said on
NPR, "So
I actually bided my time. I knew that my own published book would be
coming out in 2011."[183]
When his book was published and he returned to insert his newly
discovered material into the article, he was told that it was a
minority view and could not be given "undue weight," even though he
had proved in his book that the majority view was incorrect
regarding major details of the case.[184]
Steven Walling of the
Wikimedia Foundation told an NPR reporter that all of
Wikipedia's rules had been followed, stating that "We do not rely on
what exact, individual people say, just based on their own
credibility."[185]
National security scholars
Benjamin Wittes and Stephanie Leutert have used Messer-Kruse's
experiences to illuminate the "broad question" of "whether
Wikipedia’s policies are encouraging an undue conservatism about
sourcing."[182]
- March 2012 – The
Bureau of Investigative Journalism uncovered that
UK MPs or their staff had made almost 10,000 edits to the
encyclopedia, and that almost one in six MPs had had their Wikipedia
article edited from within Parliament.[186]
Many of the changes dealt with removing unflattering details from
Wikipedia during the
2009 expenses scandal, as well as other controversial issues.[187][188]
Former MP
Joan Ryan admitted to changing her entry "whenever there’s
misleading or untruthful information [that has] been placed on it."[187]
Clare Short said her staff were "angry and protective" over
mistakes and criticisms in her Wikipedia article and acknowledged
they might have made changes to it.[187]
Labour MP
Fabian Hamilton also reported having one of his assistants edit
a page to make it more accurate in his view. MP
Philip Davies denied making changes about removing controversial
comments related to Muslims from 2006 and 2007.[187]
- July 2012 –
Wikimedia UK chairperson and Wikipedia sysop
Ashley van Haeften was banned from the
English Wikipedia. He was only the ninth Wikipedia sysop to be
banned. In August 2012, van Haeften resigned as chairperson of
Wikimedia UK.[189][190]
- September 2012
- Author
Philip Roth published an
open letter to Wikipedia, describing conflicts he
experienced with the Wikipedia community while attempting to
modify the Wikipedia article about his novel
The Human Stain: although the character Coleman Silk had
been inspired by the case of
Melvin Tumin, many literary critics had drawn parallels
between Silk and the life of
Anatole Broyard, and Roth sought to remove statements that
Broyard had been suggested as an inspiration; however, Roth's
edits had been reverted on the grounds that direct statements
from the author were a
primary source, not a
secondary.[191]
Wikipedia administrator and community liaison Oliver Keyes
subsequently wrote a blog post criticizing both Roth and his
approach, and pointed out that even prior to Roth's attempts to
modify the article, it had already cited a published
interview in which Roth stated that the inspiration for Coleman
Silk had been Tumin rather than Broyard. Keyes also pointed out
that the edits had been made via an anonymous
IP address, with no evidence provided to support the claim
that Roth was actually involved.[192]
-
Gibraltarpedia, a project inspired by
Monmouthpedia, was set up where editors created articles
about Gibraltar that would then be linked from
QR code plaques at spots around the territory.[193]
The project came under scrutiny due to concerns about a
Wikimedia UK board member who was head of the project, Roger
Bamkin, having a professional relationship with the government
of Gibraltar in connection with Gibraltarpedia. Of primary
concern was that the site's main page "Did You Know" section was
allegedly being used for the promotional purposes of Bamkin's
clients.[1][194]
Bamkin, under pressure, eventually resigned as a Board Trustee
[1]
- October 2012
- Asian soccer's governing body was forced to apologize to the
United Arab Emirates soccer team for referring to them as
the "Sand Monkeys"; the spurious nickname had been taken from a
vandalized Wikipedia article.[195][196][197]
- The
Occupy Melbourne article was edited from City of Melbourne
IP address to altering language about recent protests, on the
heels of the election of lord mayor
Robert Doyle.[198][199][200]
- November 2012 –
Lord Justice Leveson wrote in his report on British press
standards, “The Independent was founded in 1986 by the
journalists Andreas Whittam Smith, Stephen Glover and Brett
Straub...” He had used the Wikipedia article for
The Independent newspaper as his source, but an act of
vandalism had replaced Matthew Symonds (a genuine co-founder) with
Brett Straub (an unknown character).[201]
The Economist said of the
Leveson report, "Parts of it are a scissors-and-paste job culled
from Wikipedia."[202]
- December 2012 – A discussion took place on the Wikipedia
user talk page of Jimmy Wales about his connection with
WikiBilim and the repressive government of the
Republic of Kazakhstan. Wales unilaterally shut down the
conversation when other Wikipedia editors questioned him about his
friendship with
Tony Blair, whose company provides paid consultancy services to
the Kazakh government. Wales stated that the line of questioning was
"just totally weird and irrelevant" and told Andreas Kolbe, a
moderator at
Wikipediocracy who edits Wikipedia under the username
"Jayen466," to "please stay off my talk page."[203][204]
2013
- January 2013 – The discovery of a hoax article on the
"Bicholim conflict" caused widespread press coverage.[205][206]
The article, a meticulously crafted but completely made-up
description of a fictitious war in Indian
Goa, had
been listed as a "Good Article" – a quality award given to fewer
than 1 percent of all articles on the English Wikipedia – for more
than five years.[205]
- February 2013 – Prison company
GEO Group received media coverage when a Wikipedia user under
the name Abraham Cohen edited the entry on the company regarding
naming rights to
Florida Atlantic University (FAU) Stadium; GEO Group's Manager
of Corporate Relations at the time was named Abraham Cohen, also an
FAU alumnus. The majority of these edits had been made under a
Wikipedia account named "Abraham Cohen".[207][208]
- March 2013
- Controversy arose in March 2013 after it emerged that large
segments of the
BP
article had originated from a corporate employee who was a
Wikipedia editor.[209][210]
- April 2013
- The
French secret service was accused of attempting to censor
Wikipedia by threatening a Wikipedia volunteer with arrest
unless "classified information" about a military radio station
(the
Pierre-sur-Haute military radio station) was deleted.[211][212][213]
- It was confirmed by a spokesperson for the
Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information
Technology and Mass Media that Wikipedia had been
blacklisted over the article 'Cannabis
Smoking' on Russian Wikipedia.[214]
Being placed on the blacklist gives the operator 24 hours to
remove the offending material. If the website owner refuses to
remove the material then either the website host or the network
operator will be required to block access to the site in Russia.[215]
The New York Times had reported in March that Russia had
begun to "selectively" block internet content that the
government considered either illegal under Russian law or
otherwise harmful to children.[216]
-
The Sun alleged that
Labour Party
MP
Chuka Umunna, in 2007 before his election, used the
Wikipedia username "Socialdemocrat", to create and repeatedly
edit his own Wikipedia page.[217][218]
Umunna told
The Daily Telegraph that he did not alter his own
Wikipedia page, but the paper quoted what they called "sources
close to Umunna" as having told the newspaper that "it was
possible that one of his campaign team in 2007, when he was
trying to be selected to be Labour's candidate for Streatham in
the 2010 general election, set up the page."[219]
On April 11, 2013, the
Evening Standard alleged that an edit in January 2008
was made on a computer at the law firm at which he then worked.
Umunna said that he had "no recollection" of doing so.[220]
- An edit war on the Wikipedia article of Canadian politician
and leader of the
New Democratic Party (NDP) in
British Columbia,
Adrian Dix, was widely reported in the Canadian press. Dix,
while employed by
Glen Clark, then premier of British Columbia, had falsified
a memo[221]
related to a
scandal involving casinos in which Clark was implicated,
leading to Dix being fired from his post.[222]
The Wikipedia editor who led the effort to keep mention of the
incident out of Dix's article was identified by
Global News and the
Vancouver Sun as Mike Cleven, who edits Wikipedia under
the username Skookum1.[223]
Cleven denied that he was associated with the NDP,[221]
stating that "I am the editor who’s spent the most energy on
keeping the people pushing an inflammatory and undue-weight
account of this. Whitewashing the article to prevent mention of
this is not the aim here, it is to prevent articles being used
for defamatory purposes … the BC Liberals have pulled this kind
of crap on Wikipedia before; they can say it’s not them, sure
uh-huh, but the agenda of those claiming NOT to be them is too
much like theirs to be worth explaining further."[223]
-
Amanda Filipacchi wrote an op-ed for the New York Times
on April 24, 2013, titled "Wikipedia's Sexism Toward Female
Novelists", in which she noted that "editors have begun the
process of moving women, one by one, alphabetically, from the
'American Novelists' category to the 'American Women Novelists'
subcategory." She suggested the reason for the move might be to
create a male-only list of 'American Novelists' on Wikipedia.[224]
The story was picked up by many other newspapers and websites
and
feminists said in response that they were disappointed and
shocked by the action.[225]
Wikipedia editors initiated various responses soon after
Filipacchi's article appeared, including the creation of a
category for 'American men novelists' along with an immediate
proposal to merge both categories back into the original
'American novelists' category.[226]
The 'American men novelists' category was criticized because the
two categories together would have the effect of emptying the
'American novelists' category of all but genderless writers.[227]
When the 'American men novelists' category was first created,
its only entries were
Orson Scott Card and
P. D. Cacek (who is female).[228]
A few days after the op-ed, Filipacchi wrote in the New York
Times Sunday Review about the reaction to it, which included
edits to the Wikipedia article about her that she suggested were
retaliatory.[229]
In an article in The Atlantic responding to accounts that
the edits she had initially complained of were the work of one
rogue editor, Filipacchi detailed edit histories identifying
seven other editors who had individually or collectively
performed the same actions.[230]
Andrew Leonard, reporting for
salon.com, found that Filipacchi's articles were followed by
what he called "revenge editing" on her article and articles
related to her, including that of her father,
Daniel Filipacchi. Leonard quoted extensively from talk page
comments of Wikipedia editor Qworty, who, e.g., wrote on the
talk page of Filipacchi's article: "Oh, by all means, let’s be
intimidated by the Holy New York Times. Because when the New
York Times tells you to shut up, you have to shut up.
Because that’s the way 'freedom' works, and the NYT is all about
promoting freedom all over the world, which is why they employed
Judith Miller."[231]
- May 2013
-
Andrew Leonard, writing in salon.com, revealed Wikipedia
editor
Qworty's
real life identity to be
Robert Clark Young, a novelist and writer. Qworty first drew
attention to himself through his "revenge editing" on the
Wikipedia article of novelist and Wikipedia critic Amanda
Filipacchi. Young routinely made negative revisions to the pages
of authors with whom he disagreed. Leonard was aided in his
investigation by members of Wikipedia criticism site
Wikipediocracy.[233]
According to
Washington Monthly columnist Kathleen Geier, "The Qworty
case reveals the Achilles’ heel of the Wikipedia project. Anyone
possessing enough time and resources, and who is obsessed
enough, can post information on the site that is false,
misleading, or extremely biased."[234]
Shortly after the publication of Leonard's article Qworty/Young
was indefinitely blocked from editing Wikipedia[233]
and a
sockpuppet investigation was opened in order to determine
the extent of Young's editing with multiple accounts.[235][236]
Writing about the episode on his talk page, Wikipedia co-founder
Jimmy Wales quoted Leonard's original article: "For those of
us who love Wikipedia, the ramifications of the Qworty saga are
not comforting."[233]
and went on to write that "That sums it up for me. More thoughts
soon. I would have banned him outright years ago. So would many
others. That we did not, points to serious deficiencies in our
systems."[235]
Leonard's continued investigations into Young's editing revealed
a years-long crusade against articles about topics and people
related to
modern paganism. Leonard reported that one of the pagans
whose article Young had nominated for deletion in 2012 nominated
Young's article, in an act of revenge, for deletion after
Young's revenge editing came to light. However, the pagan editor
told Leonard "that he was unlikely to be successful in getting
Young’s page deleted, because Salon’s series of articles on the
Qworty affair had enshrined the entire saga as a notable moment
in Wikipedia history."[237]
- June 2013
-
Jimmy Wales, co-founder of Wikipedia, violated Wikipedia's
strict "outing" policy when he asked other editors to post their
suspicions about
Edward Snowden's activities on Wikipedia to Wales' talk
page. No evidence of Snowden's editing was uncovered.[238][239][240][241][242][243]
See also
References
- ^
a
b
c
Eric
Goldman (October 5, 2012).
"Wikipedia's "Pay-for-Play" Scandal Highlights Wikipedia's
Vulnerabilities".
Forbes.
-
^
Angwin, Julia; Fowler, Geoffrey
(November 27, 2009).
"Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages". Wall Street
Journal. Retrieved April
16, 2013.
-
^ The Future of
the Internet: Ubiquity, mobility, security, by Harrison
Rainie (et al), Cambria Press, 2009, page 259.
-
^ Digital
Cognitive Technologies: Epistemology and Knowledge Society,
edited by Claire Brossard (et al), John Wiley & Sons, 2013, page
325.
-
^
Using Wikipedia, Gould Library of Carleton College, Using
Resources guide.
-
^
Brodkin, Jon (January 11, 2011).
"Wikipedia celebrates a decade of edit wars, controversy and
Internet dominance".
Network World.
Retrieved April 17, 2013.
-
^
Beaumont, Claudine (June 15, 2010).
"Wikipedia rolls out 'pending changes'".
The Daily Telegraph.
Retrieved April 17, 2013.
-
^
Frewin, Jonathan (June 15, 2010).
"Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing".
BBC News. Retrieved April
17, 2013.
-
^
Andrew Lih (2009).
The Wikipedia revolution: how a bunch of nobodies created the
world's greatest encyclopedia. Aurum Press Ltd.
pp. 136–138.
ISBN 978-1-84513
473 0. Retrieved April
17, 2013.;
also see Jimmy Wales,
February 2002 post to wikipedia-l, and Larry Sanger,
Wikipedia, a memoir, Slashdot
-
^
a
b
c
Lih2009 p. 138
-
^
Tkacz, Nathaniel (January 20, 2011).
"The Spanish Fork: Wikipedia’s ad-fuelled mutiny".
Wired (magazine).
Retrieved April 17, 2013.
-
^
a
b
Sanger,
Larry (January 20, 2011).
"Jimmy Wales on advertisement". LarrySanger.org.
Retrieved April 17, 2013.
-
^
Zachary Rodgers (January 3, 2006).
"No Ads in Wikipedia Says Wales". ClickZ.
Retrieved April 17, 2013.
-
^
Brian Cubbison (September 15, 2004).
"How Syracuse Became Test of Online Credibility".
Post-Standard.(subscription
required)
-
^
Alex Halavais (August 29, 2004).
"The Isuzu Experiment". A Thaumaturgical Compendium.
Retrieved April 16, 2013.
-
^
Brock Read (October 27, 2006).
"Can Wikipedia Ever Make the Grade?". The Chronicle of
Higher Education.
Retrieved April 16, 2013.
-
^
P. D. Magnus (September 1, 2008).
"Early response to false claims in Wikipedia". First
Monday 13 (9).
-
^
Cohen, Noam (August 24, 2009).
"Wikipedia to Limit Changes to Articles on People".
The New York Times.
Retrieved April 7, 2012.
-
^
a
b
Seigenthaler, John. "A
false Wikipedia 'biography'."
USA Today. November 29, 2005. Retrieved on September 14,
2009.
- ^
a
b
Katherine Q. Seelye (December 11, 2005).
"A Little Sleuthing Unmasks Writer of Wikipedia Prank".
New York Times. Retrieved
April 16, 2013.
-
^
"Wikipedia joker eats humble pie". BBC News. December 12,
2005. Retrieved April 16,
2013.
-
^
"Wikipedia".
St. Petersburg Times. December 27, 2005.
- ^
a
b
Evan
Lehmann (January 27, 2006).
"Rewriting history under the dome". Lowell Sun.
Retrieved April 16, 2013.
-
^
Hillary Profita (February 1, 2006).
"Around The 'Sphere: Of Wiki Controversies, Personal Blogs And
War Reporters". Retrieved
April 16, 2013.
-
^
Evan Hansen (December 19, 2005).
"Wikipedia Founder Edits Own Bio". Wired.
-
^
Mitchell, Dan (December 4, 2005).
"Insider Editing at Wikipedia". New York Times.(subscription
required)
-
^
Tammet, Daniel (2009).
Embracing the Wide Sky: A Tour Across the Horizons of the
Mind. Simon and Schuster. p. 206.
ISBN 1416576185.
-
^
Tom Parfitt (February 11, 2006).
"Bell tolls for Hemingway's fake comrade". The Guardian.
Retrieved April 18, 2013.
-
^
Paul Jay (April 19, 2007).
"The Wikipedia experiment". CBC News.
Retrieved April 16, 2013.
-
^
Anick Jesdanun (March 11, 2006).
"Wikipedia critic finds copied passages". MSNBC.
Retrieved April 16, 2013.
-
^ See for example:
this article on the scandal. The activities documented were:
Politician |
Editing undertaken |
Sources |
Marty Meehan |
Replacement with staff-written biography |
Congressional staffers edit boss's bio on Wikipedia |
Norm Coleman |
Rewrite to make more favorable, claimed to be
"correcting errors") |
"Web site's entry on Coleman revised Aide confirms his
staff edited biography, questions Wikipedia's accuracy".
St. Paul Pioneer Press(Associated Press). |
Conrad Burns
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– 4. Juli 2013, 15:01 –.
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Scritto da: Francesco Lanza -
mercoledì 26 giugno 2013.
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Further reading
- Legal citations of Wikipedia
- Wikipedia and juries
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