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WIKIMAG n. 8 - Luglio 2013
Fast food
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Fast
food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very
quickly. While any meal with low preparation time can be considered to
be fast food, typically the term refers to food sold in a
restaurant or store with preheated or precooked ingredients, and
served to the customer in a packaged form for
take-out/take-away. The term "fast food" was recognized in a
dictionary by
Merriam–Webster in 1951.
Outlets may be stands or
kiosks,
which may provide no shelter or seating,[1]
or
fast food restaurants (also known as quick service restaurants).
Franchise operations which are part of
restaurant chains have standardized foodstuffs shipped to each
restaurant from central locations.[2]
History
Pulling wheat dough into thin strands to form
lamian
The concept of ready-cooked food for sale is closely connected with
urban development. In
Ancient Rome, cities had street stands that sold bread, sausages and
wine.
Pre-modern Europe
In the cities of Roman antiquity, much of the urban population living
in
insulae, multi-story apartment blocks, depended on food vendors
for much of their meals. In the mornings, bread soaked in wine was eaten
as a quick snack and cooked vegetables and stews later in
popina,
a simple type of eating establishment.[3]
In the
Middle Ages, large towns and major urban areas such as
London
and Paris
supported numerous vendors that sold dishes such as
pies,
pasties,
flans,
waffles,
wafers,
pancakes
and cooked meats. As in Roman cities during antiquity, many of these
establishments catered to those who did not have means to cook their own
food, particularly single households. Unlike richer town dwellers, many
often could not afford housing with kitchen facilities and thus relied
on fast food. Travellers, as well, such as
pilgrims
en route to a
holy site,
were among the customers.[4]
United Kingdom
In areas which had access to
coastal
or tidal waters, 'fast food' would frequently include local
shellfish or
seafood,
such as
oysters or, as in London,
eels. Often this seafood would be cooked directly on the
quay or close by.[5]
The development of
trawler fishing in the mid nineteenth century would lead to the
development of a
British favourite
fish and chips, and the first shop in 1860.[6]
A
blue plaque at
Oldham's
Tommyfield Market marks the origin of the fish and chip shop and fast
food industries in Britain.[6]
British fast food had considerable regional variation. Sometimes the
regionality of dish became part of the culture of its respective area.
The content of fast food pies has varied, with
poultry
(such as
chickens) or
wildfowl commonly being used. After
World War II,
turkey has been used more frequently in fast food.[7]
As well as its native cuisine, the UK has adopted fast food from
other cultures, such as
pizza,
kebab,
and curry.
More recently healthier alternatives to conventional fast food have also
emerged.
United States
As
automobiles became popular and more affordable following World War
I,
drive-in restaurants were introduced. The American company
White Castle, founded by Billy Ingram and Walter Anderson in
Wichita,
Kansas
in 1921, is generally credited with opening the second fast food outlet
and first
hamburger chain, selling hamburgers for five cents each.[8]
Walter Anderson had built the first White Castle restaurant in Wichita
in 1916, introducing the limited
menu, high
volume, low cost, high speed hamburger restaurant.[9]
Among its innovations, the company allowed customers to see the food
being prepared. White Castle was successful from its inception and
spawned numerous competitors.
Franchising was introduced in 1921 by
A&W Root Beer, which franchised its distinctive syrup.
Howard Johnson's first franchised the restaurant concept in the
mid-1930s, formally standardizing menus,
signage
and advertising.[9]
Curb service was introduced in the late 1920s and was mobilized in
the 1940s when
carhops
strapped on
roller skates.[10]
The
United States has the largest fast food industry in the world, and
American fast food restaurants are located in over 100 countries.
Approximately 2 million U.S. workers are employed in the areas of food
preparation and food servicing including fast food in the USA.[11]
On the go
Fast food outlets are take-away or take-out providers,
often with a "drive-through" service which allows customers to order and
pick up food from their cars, but most also have indoor and/or outdoor
seating areas in which the customers can eat the food on-site.
Nearly from its inception, fast food has been designed to be eaten
"on the go", often does not require traditional
cutlery,
and is eaten as a
finger food. Common menu items at fast food outlets include fish and
chips, sandwiches,
pitas,
hamburgers,
fried chicken, french fries, onion rings,
chicken nuggets,
tacos,
pizza, hot dogs, and
ice
cream, though many fast food restaurants offer "slower" foods like
chili,
mashed potatoes, and
salads.
Filling stations
Many
petrol/gas stations have
convenience stores which sell pre-packaged sandwiches,
doughnuts, and hot food. Many gas stations in the United States and
Europe also sell
frozen foods and have
microwaves on the premises in which to prepare them.
Street
vendors and concessions
Main article:
Street food
Street vendor serving fast food in
Nepal
Traditional street food is available around the world, usually from
small operators and independent
vendors operating from a cart, table, portable grill or motor
vehicle. Common examples include
Vietnamese noodle vendors, Middle Eastern falafel stands, New York
City
hot dog carts, and
taco trucks. Turo-Turo vendors (Tagalog
for point point) are a feature of
Philippine life. Commonly, street vendors provide a colorful and
varying range of options designed to quickly captivate passers-by and
attract as much attention as possible.
Depending on the locale, multiple street vendors may specialize in
specific types of food characteristic of a given cultural or ethnic
tradition. In some cultures, it is typical for street vendors to call
out prices, sing or chant sales-pitches, play music, or engage in other
forms of "street
theatrics" in order to engage prospective customers. In some cases,
this can garner more attention than the food.[citation
needed]
Cuisine
Modern commercial fast food is often highly processed and prepared in
an industrial fashion, i.e., on a large scale with standard ingredients
and standardized cooking and production methods. It is usually rapidly
served in cartons or bags or in a plastic wrapping, in a fashion which
minimizes cost. In most fast food operations, menu items are generally
made from
processed ingredients prepared at a central supply facility and then
shipped to individual outlets where they are reheated, cooked (usually
by microwave or
deep frying) or assembled in a short amount of time. This process
ensures a consistent level of product quality, and is key to being able
to deliver the order quickly to the customer and eliminate labor and
equipment costs in the individual stores.
Because of commercial emphasis on speed, uniformity and low cost,
fast food products are often made with ingredients formulated to achieve
a certain flavor or consistency and to preserve freshness.
Variants
Although fast food often brings to mind[citation
needed] traditional American fast food such as
hamburgers and fries, there are many other forms of fast food that enjoy
widespread popularity in the
West.
Chinese takeaways/takeout restaurants are particularly popular[where?].
They normally offer a wide variety of
Asian food (not always Chinese), which has normally been fried. Most
options are some form of noodles,
rice, or
meat. In
some cases, the food is presented as a
smörgåsbord, sometimes
self service. The customer chooses the size of the container they
wish to buy, and then is free to fill it with their choice of food. It
is common to combine several options in one container, and some outlets
charge by weight rather than by item. Many of these restaurants offer
free delivery for purchases over a minimum amount.
Many types of sushi ready to eat
Sushi
has seen rapidly rising popularity in recent times[where?].
A form of fast food created in
Japan
(where
bentō is the Japanese equivalent of fast food), sushi is normally
cold sticky rice flavored with a sweet
rice vinegar and served with some topping (often
fish), or, as in the most popular kind in the West, rolled in
nori (dried
laver) with filling. The filling often includes fish, chicken or
cucumber.
Pizza is a common fast food category in the United States, with
chains such as
Papa John's,
Domino's Pizza,
Sbarro
and
Pizza Hut. Menus are more limited and standardized than in
traditional pizzerias, and
pizza delivery is offered.
Kebab houses are a form of fast food restaurant from the Middle East,
especially
Turkey and
Lebanon.
Meat is shaven from a
rotisserie, and is served on a warmed flatbread with salad and a
choice of sauce and dressing. These
doner kebabs or
shawarmas are distinct from
shish
kebabs served on sticks. Kebab shops are also found throughout the
world, especially
Europe,
New Zealand and
Australia but they generally are less common in the US.
Fish and chip shops are a form of fast food popular in the United
Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. Fish is battered and then deep
fried.
The
Dutch have their own types of fast food. A Dutch fast food meal
often consists of a portion of french fries (called friet or patat) with
a sauce and a meat product. The most common sauce to accompany french
fries is
fritessaus. It is a sweet, vinegary and low fat
mayonnaise substitute, that the Dutch nevertheless still call
"mayonnaise". When ordering it is very often abbreviated to met
(literally "with"). Other popular sauces are
ketchup
or spiced ketchup ("curry"), Indonesian style
peanut sauce ("satésaus" or "pindasaus") or
piccalilli. Sometimes the fries are served with combinations of
sauces, most famously speciaal (special): mayonnaise, with
(spiced) ketchup and chopped
onions;
and oorlog (literally "war"): mayonnaise and peanut sauce
(sometimes also with ketchup and chopped onions). The meat product is
usually a deep fried snack; this includes the
frikandel (a deep fried skinless
minced meat
sausage),
and the
kroket (deep fried meat
ragout
covered in
breadcrumbs).
In Portugal, there are some varieties of local fast-food and
restaurants specialized in this type of local cuisine. Some of the most
popular foods include frango assado (Piri-piri
grilled chicken previously marinated),
francesinha,
francesinha poveira,
espetada (turkey or pork meat on two sticks) and
bifanas (pork cutlets in a specific sauce served as a sandwich).
This type of food is also often served with french fries (called
batatas fritas), some international chains started appearing
specialized in some of the typical Portuguese fast food such as
Nando's.
A fixture of
East
Asian cities is the
noodle
shop.
Flatbread and
falafel
are today ubiquitous in the
Middle East. Popular
Indian
fast food dishes include
vada
pav,
panipuri and
dahi
vada. In the French-speaking nations of
West Africa,
roadside stands in and around the larger cities continue to sell—as
they have done for generations—a range of ready-to-eat, char-grilled
meat sticks known locally as
brochettes (not to be confused with the bread
snack of the same name found in
Europe).
Business
In the United States, consumers spent about US$110 billion on fast
food in 2000 (which increased from US$6 billion in 1970).[12]
The
National Restaurant Association forecasted that fast food
restaurants in the U.S. would reach US$142 billion in sales in 2006, a
5% increase over 2005. In comparison, the full-service restaurant
segment of the food industry is expected to generate $173 billion in
sales. Fast food has been losing
market share to fast casual dining restaurants, which offer more
robust and expensive
cuisines.[13]
Employment
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, about 4.1 million
U.S. workers are employed in food preparation and serving (including
fast food) as of 2010.[14]
The BLS's projected job outlook expects average growth and excellent
opportunity as a result of high turnover. However, in April 2011,
McDonald's hired approximately 62,000 new workers and received a million
applications for those positions—an acceptance rate of 6.2%.[15]
Globalization
In 2006, the global fast food market grew by 4.8% and reached a value
of £102.4 billion and a volume of 80.3 billion transactions.[16]
In India alone the fast food industry is growing by 41% a year.[17]
McDonald's is located in 126 countries on 6 continents and operates
over 31,000 restaurants worldwide.[18]
On January 31, 1990 McDonald’s opened a restaurant in
Moscow,
and broke opening day records for customers served. The Moscow
restaurant is the busiest in the world. The largest McDonald’s in the
world, with 25,000 feet of play tubes, an arcade and play center, is
located in
Orlando, Florida,
USA[19][clarification
needed]
There are numerous other fast food restaurants located all over the
world.
Burger King has more than 11,100 restaurants in more than 65
countries.[20]
KFC is
located in 25 countries.[21]
Subway is one of the fastest growing franchises in the world with
approximately 39,129 restaurants in 90 countries as of May 2009,[22]
the first non-US location opening in December 1984 in
Bahrain.[23]
Pizza Hut is located in 97 countries, with 100 locations in China.[24]
Taco
Bell has 278 restaurants located in 14 countries besides the United
States.[25]
Criticism
Fast food chains have come under criticism over concerns ranging from
claimed negative health effects, alleged animal cruelty, cases of worker
exploitation, and claims of cultural degradation via shifts in people's
eating patterns away from traditional foods.[citation
needed] The intake of fast food is increasing
worldwide. A study done in
Jeddah
has shown that current fast food habits are related to the increase of
overweight and obesity among adolescents in Saudi Arabia.
[26]
See also
References
-
^
Jakle,
John (1999). Fast Food: Roadside Restaurants in the
Automobile Age. Johns Hopkins University Press.
ISBN 0-8018-6920-X.;
Brueggemann, Walter (1993). Texts
Under Negotiation: The Bible and Postmodern Imagination.
Fortress Press.
ISBN 0-8006-2736-9.
-
^
Talwar,
Jennifer (2003). Fast Food, Fast Track: Immigrants, Big
Business, and the American Dream. Westview Press.
ISBN 0-8133-4155-8.
-
^
Stambaugh, John E. (1988) The
Ancient Roman City JHU Press
ISBN 978-0-8018-3692-3 pp. 200, 209.
-
^
Martha Carling, "Fast Food and
Urban Living Standards in Medieval England" in Food and
Eating in Medieval Barbie, pp. 27–51.
-
^
BBC (2006-08-31).
"Eel and pie shop". BBC.
Retrieved November 24, 2007.
- ^
a
b
The Portuguese gave us fried fish, the Belgians invented chips
but 150 years ago an East End boy united them to create The
World's Greatest Double Act Mail Online. Retrieved 21
September 2011
-
^
BBC News (2007-02-07).
"How turkey became a fast food". BBC.
Retrieved November 23, 2007.
-
^
National Public Radio (2002).
"The Hamburger".
NPR. Retrieved November
23, 2007.
- ^
a
b
James P
Farrell.
"The Evolution of the Quick Service Restaurant". A
Management Consultant @ Large.
Retrieved February 14, 2008.
-
^ See
Honk for Service by Lou Ellen Mcginley with Stephanie Spurr
(Tray Days Publishing, 2004)
-
^
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Occupational Employment Statistics
-
^
Schlosser, Eric (2001). Fast Food
Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. Houghton
Mifflin Books.
ISBN 0-395-97789-4.
-
^
John Eligon (2008-01-13).
"Where to Eat? A New Restaurant Genre Offers Manhattan More
Choices".
The New York Times.
Retrieved 2008-12-30. "Though still a relatively small
sector within the nation’s $350 billion restaurant industry,
several fast-casual chains are showing success and growth in
Manhattan, and industry experts say it could be a sign of the
sector’s maturity and sustainability nationwide."
-
^
"BLS.gov: Food and Beverage Serving and Related Workers"
-
^
"It's harder to get a job at McDonalds's than to get into
Harvard"
-
^
"Our Life Policy Research Notes on takeaways - The UK fast-food
market". Retrieved July
28, 2012.
-
^
"Worldwatch Institute".
-
^
"The Fast Food Factory".
-
^
[1]
-
^
"Burger King".
-
^
"KFC".
-
^
Subway publication (2008).
"Official SUBWAY Restaurants Web Site". Subway Restaurants.
Retrieved 2009-05-24.
-
^
"Subway".
-
^
"Yum! Brands".
-
^
"Taco Bell".
-
^
A.
Washi, Sidiga; Maha B. Ageib (2010). "Poor diet quality and food
habits are related to impaired nutritional status in 13- to
18-year-old adolescents in Jeddah". Nutrition Research
30: 8.
doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2010.07.002.
Further reading
- Adams, Catherine. "Reframing
the Obesity Debate: McDonald’s Role May Surprise You." Journal
of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 35 (2007): 154-157. Academic Search
Premier. EBSCOhost. University of Nevada, Reno Libraries. 5 February
2008.
- Arndt, Michael. "McDonald’s
24/7." Business Week 4020 (2007): 64-72. Academic Search
Premier. EBSCOhost. University of Nevada, Reno Libraries. 22
February 2008.
- Berry, Leonard L., Kathleen Seiders, and Dhruv Grewal. "The
Journal Of Marketing." JSTOR. JSTOR, 2002. Web. 03 Oct. 2010
- Food and Eating in Medieval Europe. Martha Carlin and
Joel T. Rosenthal (editors). The Hambledon Press, London. 1998.
ISBN 1-85285-148-1
- Growth Hormones in Food. (2010, June 14). Retrieved September
23, 2010, from
http://www.copperwiki.org/index.php/Growth_Hormones_in_Food#How_does_this_affect_me.3F
- Hogan, David. Selling 'em by the Sack: White Castle and the
Creation of American Food. New York: New York University Press,
1997.
- Kroc, Ray with Robert Anderson. Grinding It Out: The Making
of McDonald's. St. Martin's Press, 1992.
- Levinstein, Harvey. Paradox of Plenty: a Social History of
Eating in Modern America. Berkeley: University of California P,
2003. 228-229.
- Luxenberg, Stan. Roadside Empires: How the Chains Franchised
America. New York: Viking, 1985.
- McGinley, Lou Ellen with Stephanie Spurr, Honk for Service: A
Man, A Tray and the Glory Days of the Drive-In. St. Louis: Tray
Days Publishing, 2004. For photos of the Parkmoor Restaurants see
Drive-In Restaurant Photos
- Morrison Paul, Catherine J., and James M. MacDonald. "American
Journal of Agricultural Economics." JSTOR. JSTOR, 2003. Web. 03 Oct.
2010.
- Motavalli, J. (n.d.). The Case Against Meat: Evidence Shows That
Our Meat-Based Diet Is Bad for the Environment, Aggravates Global
Hunger, Brutalizes Animals and Compromises Our Health. Retrieved
September 23, 2010, from
http://www.emagazine.com/view/?142
- Obesity In America. The Endocrine Society; The Hormone
Foundation. 27 April 2008
The Obesity Crisis: What's it all about?
- Pacific Research Institute, Capital Ideas, Vol. 7, No. 31 August
8, 2002
- Pollan, M. (2009). In Defense of Food: an Eater's Manifesto. New
York City: Penguin
- Robbins, J. (2010, April 18). What About Grass-fed Beef?.
Retrieved September 23, 2010, from
http://www.johnrobbins.info/blog/grass-fed-beef
- Schlosser, Eric, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the
All-American Meal, Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001
- Schultz, Howard with Dori Jones Yang, Pour Your Heart Into
It: How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time, Hyperion,
1999
- Warner, Melanie "Salads
or No, Cheap Burgers Revive McDonald’s." The New York Times 19
April 2006. Academic Search Premier. EBSCOhost. University of
Nevada, Reno Libraries. 5 February 2008.
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