New Page 1

LA GRAMMATICA DI ENGLISH GRATIS IN VERSIONE MOBILE   INFORMATIVA PRIVACY

  NUOVA SEZIONE ELINGUE

 

Selettore risorse   

   

 

                                         IL Metodo  |  Grammatica  |  RISPOSTE GRAMMATICALI  |  Multiblog  |  INSEGNARE AGLI ADULTI  |  INSEGNARE AI BAMBINI  |  AudioBooks  |  RISORSE SFiziosE  |  Articoli  |  Tips  | testi pAralleli  |  VIDEO SOTTOTITOLATI
                                                                                         ESERCIZI :   Serie 1 - 2 - 3  - 4 - 5  SERVIZI:   Pronunciatore di inglese - Dizionario - Convertitore IPA/UK - IPA/US - Convertitore di valute in lire ed euro                                              

 

 

WIKIBOOKS
DISPONIBILI
?????????

ART
- Great Painters
BUSINESS&LAW
- Accounting
- Fundamentals of Law
- Marketing
- Shorthand
CARS
- Concept Cars
GAMES&SPORT
- Videogames
- The World of Sports

COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
- Blogs
- Free Software
- Google
- My Computer

- PHP Language and Applications
- Wikipedia
- Windows Vista

EDUCATION
- Education
LITERATURE
- Masterpieces of English Literature
LINGUISTICS
- American English

- English Dictionaries
- The English Language

MEDICINE
- Medical Emergencies
- The Theory of Memory
MUSIC&DANCE
- The Beatles
- Dances
- Microphones
- Musical Notation
- Music Instruments
SCIENCE
- Batteries
- Nanotechnology
LIFESTYLE
- Cosmetics
- Diets
- Vegetarianism and Veganism
TRADITIONS
- Christmas Traditions
NATURE
- Animals

- Fruits And Vegetables



ARTICLES IN THE BOOK

  1. Alfa Romeo Nuvola
  2. AMC AMX-GT
  3. AMC Cavalier
  4. Aston Martin Rapide
  5. Audi Allroad Quattro Concept
  6. Audi Avantissimo
  7. Audi Avus Quattro
  8. Audi Nuvolari Quattro
  9. Audi Roadjet
  10. Audi RSQ
  11. Audi Shooting Brake
  12. Aurora
  13. Automobiles
  14. Automotive design
  15. Bugatti EB118
  16. Cadillac Cien
  17. Cadillac Sixteen
  18. Chevrolet Cheyenne
  19. Chevrolet SS
  20. Chevrolet Triax
  21. Chrysler Airflite
  22. Chrysler Akino
  23. Chrysler Atlantic
  24. Chrysler Chronos
  25. Chrysler Citadel
  26. Chrysler Firepower
  27. Chrysler Imperial
  28. Chrysler Java
  29. Chrysler ME Four-Twelve
  30. Chrysler Phaeton
  31. Citroen Activa
  32. Citroen C6 Lignage
  33. Citroen G Van
  34. Concept car
  35. Daihatsu Costa
  36. Dodge Charger
  37. Dodge Copperhead
  38. Dodge EPIC
  39. Dodge Hornet
  40. Dodge Intrepid ESX
  41. Dodge Kahuna
  42. Dodge M80
  43. Dodge MAXXcab
  44. Dodge Powerbox
  45. Dodge Rampage Concept
  46. Dodge Razor
  47. Dodge Sidewinder
  48. Dodge Slingshot
  49. Dodge Super 8 Hemi
  50. Dymaxion car
  51. EDAG Biwak
  52. Eliica
  53. Ferrari GG50
  54. Ford Forty-Nine
  55. Ford F-250 Super Chief
  56. Ford GT90
  57. Ford Indigo
  58. Ford Iosis
  59. Ford Model U
  60. Ford Reflex
  61. Ford SAV
  62. Ford Shelby GR-1
  63. Ford SYNUS
  64. General Motors Firebird
  65. General Motors Ultralite
  66. Giorgetto Giugiaro
  67. GMC Graphyte Hybrid
  68. Honda FCX
  69. Honda HSC
  70. Honda WOW
  71. Italdesign Cala
  72. Lamborghini Concept S
  73. Lamborghini Marzal
  74. Lexus HPX
  75. Lexus LF
  76. Lincoln Futura
  77. Lincoln MK9
  78. Lincoln MKS
  79. Lincoln Navicross
  80. Lotus APX
  81. Maserati Birdcage 75th
  82. Maybach Exelero
  83. Mazda Kabura
  84. Mercedes-Benz Bionic
  85. Mercury Meta One
  86. Mercury My
  87. Microdot
  88. Minissima
  89. Mitsubishi HSR
  90. Nissan AZEAL
  91. Nissan Pivo
  92. Nissan Qashqai
  93. Opel Frogster
  94. Opel Trixx
  95. Peugeot 908
  96. Peugeot Quark
  97. Plymouth Pronto
  98. Pontiac Bonneville Special
  99. Prodrive P2
  100. Rambler Tarpon
  101. Renault Argos
  102. Renault Fluence
  103. Renault Racoon
  104. Renault Talisman
  105. Renault Wind
  106. Rinspeed zaZen
  107. Rolls-Royce 100EX
  108. Russo-Balt
  109. Saab 98
  110. Saab Aero-X
  111. Saab EV-1
  112. Saab Monster
  113. Saab 9-X
  114. Scion Fuse
  115. Scion t2B
  116. Syrena Sport
  117. Toyota Fine-X
  118. Toyota i-unit
  119. Toyota Pod
  120. T2X
  121. Vauxhall SRV
  122. Vector W2
  123. Vector WX-3
  124. Volkswagen Concept A
  125. Volkswagen Concept R
  126. Volkswagen EcoRacer
  127. Volkswagen GX3
  128. Volkswagen Iroc
  129. Volkswagen Microbus Concept
  130. Volvo T6
  131. Volvo VESC

 


 

 
CONDIZIONI DI USO DI QUESTO SITO
L'utente può utilizzare il nostro sito solo se comprende e accetta quanto segue:

  • Le risorse linguistiche gratuite presentate in questo sito si possono utilizzare esclusivamente per uso personale e non commerciale con tassativa esclusione di ogni condivisione comunque effettuata. Tutti i diritti sono riservati. La riproduzione anche parziale è vietata senza autorizzazione scritta.
  • Il nome del sito EnglishGratis è esclusivamente un marchio e un nome di dominio internet che fa riferimento alla disponibilità sul sito di un numero molto elevato di risorse gratuite e non implica dunque alcuna promessa di gratuità relativamente a prodotti e servizi nostri o di terze parti pubblicizzati a mezzo banner e link, o contrassegnati chiaramente come prodotti a pagamento (anche ma non solo con la menzione "Annuncio pubblicitario"), o comunque menzionati nelle pagine del sito ma non disponibili sulle pagine pubbliche, non protette da password, del sito stesso.
  • La pubblicità di terze parti è in questo momento affidata al servizio Google AdSense che sceglie secondo automatismi di carattere algoritmico gli annunci di terze parti che compariranno sul nostro sito e sui quali non abbiamo alcun modo di influire. Non siamo quindi responsabili del contenuto di questi annunci e delle eventuali affermazioni o promesse che in essi vengono fatte!
  • L'utente, inoltre, accetta di tenerci indenni da qualsiasi tipo di responsabilità per l'uso - ed eventuali conseguenze di esso - degli esercizi e delle informazioni linguistiche e grammaticali contenute sul siti. Le risposte grammaticali sono infatti improntate ad un criterio di praticità e pragmaticità più che ad una completezza ed esaustività che finirebbe per frastornare, per l'eccesso di informazione fornita, il nostro utente. La segnalazione di eventuali errori è gradita e darà luogo ad una immediata rettifica.

     

    ENGLISHGRATIS.COM è un sito personale di
    Roberto Casiraghi e Crystal Jones
    email: robertocasiraghi at iol punto it

    Roberto Casiraghi           
    INFORMATIVA SULLA PRIVACY              Crystal Jones


    Siti amici:  Lonweb Daisy Stories English4Life Scuolitalia
    Sito segnalato da INGLESE.IT

 
 



CONCEPT CARS
This article is from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_design

All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License 

Automotive design

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 
Designers at work in 1961. Standing by the scale model's left front fender is Richard Teague, a famous automobile designer at American Motors Corporation (AMC).
Designers at work in 1961. Standing by the scale model's left front fender is Richard Teague, a famous automobile designer at American Motors Corporation (AMC).

Automotive design is the profession involved in the development of motor vehicles or more specifically road vehicles. This most commonly refers to automobiles but also refers to motorcycles, trucks, buses, coaches, and vans. The design and development of a modern motor vehicle is typically done by a large team from many different disciplines. Automotive design in this context is primarily concerned with developing the visual appearance or aesthetics of the vehicle, though it is also involved in the creation of the product concept. Automotive design is practiced by designers who usually have an art background and a degree in industrial design or transport design.

Design elements

The task of the design team is usually split into three main aspects: exterior design, interior design, as well as color and trim design. Graphic design is also an aspect of automotive design; this is generally shared amongst the design team as the lead designer sees fit.

Exterior design (styling)

The stylist responsible for the design of the exterior of the vehicle develops the proportions, shape, and surfaces of the vehicle. Exterior design is first done by a series of digital or manual drawings. Progressively more detailed drawings are executed and approved. Clay and or digital models are developed from, and along with the drawings. The data from these models are then used to create a full sized mock-up of the final design (body in white). With 6 axis computer controlled robots, the clay model is first designed in a computer program and then "printed" using the machine and large amounts of clay.

Interior design (styling)

The stylist responsible for the design of the vehicle interior develops the proportions, shape, and surfaces for the facia, seats, trim panels etc. Here the emphasis is on ergonomics and the comfort of the passengers.

Color and trim design

The color and trim (or color and materials) designer is responsible for the research, design, and development of all interior and exterior colors and materials used on a vehicle. These include paints, plastics, fabric designs, leather, grains, carpet, headliner, wood trim, and so on. Color, contrast, texture, and pattern must be carefully combined to give the vehicle a unique interior environment and personality. Designers work closely with the exterior and interior designers.

Designers draw inspiration from other design disciplines such as: industrial design, fashion, home furnishing, and architecture. Specific research is done into global trends to design for projects two to three model years in the future. Trend boards are created from this research in order to keep track of design influences as they relate to the automotive industry. The designer then uses this information to develop themes and concepts which are then further refined and tested on the vehicle models.

Graphic design

The design team also develop graphics for items such as: badges, dials, switches, kick or tread strips, liveries, flames, racing stripes, etc.

History of automobile design in the US

In the USA, automotive design reached a turning point in 1924 when the American national automobile market began reaching saturation. To maintain unit sales, General Motors head Alfred P. Sloan Jr. devised annual model-year design changes to convince car owners that they needed to buy a new replacement each year. Critics called his strategy planned obsolescence. Sloan preferred the term "dynamic obsolescence". This strategy had far-reaching effects on the auto business, the field of product design, and eventually the American economy. The smaller players could not maintain the pace and expense of yearly re-styling. Henry Ford did not like the model-year change because he clung to an engineer's notions of simplicity, economics of scale, and design integrity. GM surpassed Ford's sales in 1931 and became the dominant player in the industry thereafter. The frequent design changes also made it necessary to use a body-on-frame rather than the lighter, but less flexible monocoque design used by most European car makers.

Another turning point came in 1935, when automotive engineers abruptly dropped aerodynamic research when they discovered that, among other problems, aerodynamics would tend to produce one single optimal exterior shape. This would be bad for unit sales, and for GM it would obviously work against their new strategy of market differentiation. Style and engineering went their separate ways, and all body shapes underwent plastic surgery every year, whether or not the underlying automobile had changed.

Since 1935 automotive form has been driven more by consumer expectations than by engineering improvement. Form still follows function, but the primary function of the car was to get itself sold. The notable exception in the American market was the postwar appearance of the imported Volkswagen Beetle. VW represented a surprising experiment in product-driven design integrity: one body shape that remained constant from year to year, parts interchangeable from year to year, and that stability made it possible to make incremental technical improvements with a cumulative effect.

The most famous auto stylist is probably Harley Earl, who brought the tailfin and other aeronautical design references to auto design in the 1950s.

See also

  • Industrial Design
  • Computer-aided industrial design
  • Alternative propulsion
  • Automotive suspension design
  • Carrozzeria
  • Car safety
  • Category:automobile designers is a list of automotive designers
  • Concept car
  • Giugiaro
  • Internal combustion engine and engine design
  • Machine design
  • Open content
  • OScar (open source car)
  • Pininfarina
  • Pre-production car
  • Prototype
  • Wind tunnel

External links

  • Auto&Design Magazine An archive of the leading print magazine for automotive design
  • Car Design News News and resources for the international automotive design community
  • Car Design Online Automotive design from concept to production
  • Chrysler Design Institute Insight into Chrysler's design studio processes.
  • Design Council Automotive Design Design Council UK's one stop shop information resource on Automotive Design by Chris Clements.
  • Designerspace
  • DesignerTechniques Free resource where you can learn the techniques and skills of auto designers
  • How to design and build an electric car
  • Foresight Vehicle British automotive R&D programme and Knowledge Transfer Network
  • MIRA Ltd, Automotive Product Engineering and Testing, Nuneaton, UK.
  • Vehicle safety and modification information - includes guidelines, vehicle standards information and information on the Australian Design Rules.

Art & Design schools with degree courses in automotive design

  • Academy of Art University (USA) Undergraduate and Masters degree in transportation design.
  • University of Cincinnati (USA) Undergraduate degree in Transportation Design.
  • Elisava Escola Superior de Disseny (Barcelona) Masters Degree in Transportation Design.
  • Art Center College of Design (Pasadena) Undergraduate degree in Transportation Design.
  • Brigham Young University (USA) Undergraduate degree in Industrial Design.
  • The Cleveland Institute of Art (Cleveland) Bachelor of Fine Arts in Industrial Design with Automotive Emphasis
  • College for Creative Studies (Detroit) Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in Transportation Design.
  • Coventry University (UK) Masters Degree in Automotive Design.
  • Coventry University (UK) Various undergraduate transport design courses.
  • Pforzheim University of Applied Sciences (Germany) Master of Transportation Design.
  • Royal College of Art (London) Masters Degree in Vehicle Design.
  • Strate Collège (Paris) Masters Degree in Transportation Design.
  • Umeå Institute of Design (Sweden) Masters Degree in Transportation Design.
  • University of Huddersfield (UK) Undergraduate degree in Transport Design.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_design"