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WIKIBOOKS
DISPONIBILI
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ART
- Great Painters
BUSINESS&LAW
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LIFESTYLE
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TRADITIONS
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NATURE
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ARTICLES IN THE BOOK

  1. Adverbial
  2. Agentive ending
  3. Ain't
  4. American and British English differences
  5. American and British English pronunciation differences
  6. American and British English spelling differences
  7. American English
  8. Amn't
  9. Anglophone
  10. Anglosphere
  11. Apostrophe
  12. Australian English
  13. Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet
  14. Bracket
  15. British and American keyboards
  16. British English
  17. Canadian English
  18. Certificate of Proficiency in English
  19. Classical compound
  20. Cockney
  21. Colon
  22. Comma
  23. Comma splice
  24. Cut Spelling
  25. Dangling modifier
  26. Dash
  27. Definite article reduction
  28. Disputed English grammar
  29. Don't-leveling
  30. Double copula
  31. Double negative
  32. Ellipsis
  33. English alphabet
  34. English compound
  35. English declension
  36. English English
  37. English grammar
  38. English honorifics
  39. English irregular verbs
  40. English language learning and teaching
  41. English modal auxiliary verb
  42. English orthography
  43. English passive voice
  44. English personal pronouns
  45. English phonology
  46. English plural
  47. English relative clauses
  48. English spelling reform
  49. English verbs
  50. English words with uncommon properties
  51. Estuary English
  52. Exclamation mark
  53. Foreign language influences in English
  54. Full stop
  55. Generic you
  56. Germanic strong verb
  57. Gerund
  58. Going-to future
  59. Grammatical tense
  60. Great Vowel Shift
  61. Guillemets
  62. Habitual be
  63. History of linguistic prescription in English
  64. History of the English language
  65. Hyphen
  66. I before e except after c
  67. IELTS
  68. Initial-stress-derived noun
  69. International Phonetic Alphabet for English
  70. Interpunct
  71. IPA chart for English
  72. It's me
  73. Languages of the United Kingdom
  74. Like
  75. List of animal adjectives
  76. List of British idioms
  77. List of British words not widely used in the United States
  78. List of case-sensitive English words
  79. List of commonly confused homonyms
  80. List of common misspellings in English
  81. List of common words that have two opposite senses
  82. List of dialects of the English language
  83. List of English apocopations
  84. List of English auxiliary verbs
  85. List of English homographs
  86. List of English irregular verbs
  87. List of English prepositions
  88. List of English suffixes
  89. List of English words invented by Shakespeare
  90. List of English words of Celtic origin
  91. List of English words of Italian origin
  92. List of English words with disputed usage
  93. List of frequently misused English words
  94. List of Fumblerules
  95. List of homophones
  96. List of -meters
  97. List of names in English with non-intuitive pronunciations
  98. List of words having different meanings in British and American English
  99. List of words of disputed pronunciation
  100. London slang
  101. Longest word in English
  102. Middle English
  103. Modern English
  104. Names of numbers in English
  105. New Zealand English
  106. Northern subject rule
  107. Not!
  108. NuEnglish
  109. Oxford spelling
  110. Personal pronoun
  111. Phonological history of the English language
  112. Phrasal verb
  113. Plural of virus
  114. Possessive adjective
  115. Possessive antecedent
  116. Possessive me
  117. Possessive of Jesus
  118. Possessive pronoun
  119. Preposition stranding
  120. Pronunciation of English th
  121. Proper adjective
  122. Question mark
  123. Quotation mark
  124. Received Pronunciation
  125. Regional accents of English speakers
  126. Rhyming slang
  127. Run-on sentence
  128. Scouse
  129. Semicolon
  130. Semordnilap
  131. Serial comma
  132. Shall and will
  133. Silent E
  134. Singular they
  135. Slash
  136. SoundSpel
  137. Space
  138. Spelling reform
  139. Split infinitive
  140. Subjective me
  141. Suffix morpheme
  142. Tag question
  143. Than
  144. The Reverend
  145. Third person agreement leveling
  146. Thou
  147. TOEFL
  148. TOEIC
  149. Truespel
  150. University of Cambridge ESOL examination
  151. Weak form and strong form
  152. Welsh English
  153. Who
  154. You

 

 
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THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
This article is from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_before_e_except_after_c

All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License 

I before e except after c

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

I before e, except after c, or when sounding like a such as neighbor and weigh... is a mnemonic used to help English students remember how to spell certain words in the English language. It means that, in words where i and e fall together, the order is ie, except directly following c, when it is ei. For example:

  • ie in words like siege, friend
  • ei in words like ceiling, receive

Unfortunately, in its short form the rule has many common exceptions, e.g.:

  • ie after c: science, sufficient, agencies, financier
  • ei not after c: their, foreign, being, neither, weird, vein, seize

The word oneiromancies (studies into the meaning of dreams) breaks the rule twice, in both ways. The words deficiencies, efficiencies, sufficiencies, zeitgeist and einsteinium break the rule twice in the same way (though the last two are of foreign origin).

An augmented American version is:

i before e
except after c
or when sounding like a
as in neighbor and weigh

which excludes many of the exceptions but still fails to correctly handle many others.

A reminder of exceptions is embodied in the sentence: Neither financier seized either species of weird leisure.

A British version is:

when the sound is ee
it's i before e
except after c

which excludes most exceptions, as well as excluding some words (e.g. friend) which are correctly handled by the American version. The most frequent everyday failures of the British form of the rule are seize, caffeine, protein and, for those who pronounce the initial vowel sound ee, either and neither. Weird and weir are often listed as exceptions but this is contentious as the 'i' is detectable in the pronunciation. Words with a plural ending in -cies (agencies, policies etc.) are exceptions to those who pronounce the ending eez, but not to those who pronounce it with a shorter iz sound.

Few common words have the <cei> spelling handled by the rule: verbs ending <ceive> and their derivatives (perceive, deceit, transceiver, receipts, etc), and ceiling. Many words spelled with <ei> are pronounced ee (/iː/) in America but not Britain (e.g. sheikh, leisure, either have /eɪ/, /ɛ/, /aɪ/ respectively). In these cases, the British pronunciation is a corollary of the British rule (i.e. when spelt <ei>, the pronunciation cannot be /iː/).

Exceptions

  • albeit
  • ancient
  • atheism
  • beige
  • being
  • caffeine
  • casein
  • cleidoic
  • codeine
  • conscience
  • counterfeit
  • deficient(deficiencies)
  • deify
  • deity
  • deign
  • deil
  • disseize
  • dreidel
  • efficient
  • eider
  • eight
  • either
  • feign
  • feint
  • feisty
  • financier
  • foreign
  • forfeit
  • freight
  • geisha
  • glacier
  • gleization
  • gneiss
  • greige
  • greisen
  • heifer
  • heigh-ho
  • height
  • heinous
  • heir
  • heist
  • inveigle
  • kaleidoscope
  • keister
  • leisure
  • leitmotiv
  • monteith
  • neigh
  • neighbor
  • neither
  • obeisance
  • omniscient
  • onomatopoeia
  • peice
  • peignoir
  • phenolphthalein
  • phthalein
  • prescient
  • proficient
  • protein
  • reign
  • reimburse
  • rein
  • reinforce
  • reinstate
  • reveille
  • Rotweiller
  • science
  • seeing
  • seiche
  • seidel
  • seine
  • seismic
  • seize
  • seizin
  • sheik
  • sheila
  • sleigh
  • society
  • sovereign
  • specie
  • species
  • sufficient
  • surfeit
  • surveillance
  • teiid
  • their
  • veil
  • vein
  • weight
  • weir
  • weird

Cultural references

"I Before E Except After C" was a song Charlie Brown and Linus sing, with Snoopy playing a jaw harp, to prepare Charlie for his school's spelling bee in A Boy Named Charlie Brown. The song covered several other spelling rules, e.g., words ending in -cede, -ceed and -sede.

The "I before E" rule was debated in a Canadian TV commercial for the Hyundai Santa Fe.

External links

  • alt.english.usage: A British defence of the mnemonic from the newsgroup's FAQ
  • alt.english.usage: An American critique of the mnemonic
  • "i before e" Spelling Rule, Examples, & Quiz
  • Some analysis of usage on the language log
  • Rule, and a list of exceptions, and an amended rule
  • "I Before E, if Taken with Caffeine", poem by Jef Raskin
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_before_e_except_after_c"