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WIKIMAG n. 8 - Luglio 2013
Rita Levi Montalcini
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- Togli il segno di spunta per disattivarla
Rita Levi-Montalcini (Italian pronunciation: [ˈrita
ˈlɛvi montalˈtʃini]; 22 April 1909 – 30 December
2012) was an Italian
neurologist who, together with colleague
Stanley Cohen, received the 1986
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of
nerve growth factor (NGF).[1]
From 2001 until her death she also served in the
Italian Senate as a
Senator for Life.[2]
Rita Levi-Montalcini had been the oldest living
Nobel laureate and the first ever to reach a 100th birthday.[3]
On 22 April 2009, she was feted with a 100th birthday party at
Rome's
city hall.[4][5]
Early life and education
Born on 22 April 1909 at
Turin[6][7]
to a wealthy
Italian Jewish family,[8]
together with her twin sister
Paola she was the youngest of four children. Her parents
were Adamo Levi, an electrical engineer and mathematician, and
Adele Montalcini, a painter.[6]
In her teenage years, she considered becoming a writer and
admired Swedish writer
Selma Lagerlöf.[9]
Adamo discouraged his children from attending college as he
feared it would disrupt their lives as wives and mothers but he
eventually supported Levi-Montalcini's aspirations to become a
doctor anyway.[6]
Levi-Montalcini decided to attend
University of Turin Medical School after seeing a close
family friend die of stomach cancer.[10]
While attending, she was taught by neurohistologist
Giuseppe Levi who introduced her to the developing nervous
system.[3]
After graduating in 1936, she went to work as
Giuseppe Levi's assistant, but her academic career was cut
short by
Benito Mussolini's 1938
Manifesto of Race and the subsequent introduction of
laws barring
Jews from academic and professional careers.[11]
Professional life
Levi-Montalcini conducted experiments from a home laboratory,
studying the growth of nerve fibers in chicken embryos, which
laid the groundwork for much of her later research. (She
described this experience decades later in the science
documentary film
Death by Design/The Life and Times of Life and Times
(1997),[12]
which also features her identical
twin
sister Paola, who had entered a decades-long career in the
arts.) Her first genetics laboratory was in her bedroom at her
home. In 1943, her family fled south to
Florence, and she set up a laboratory there also. Her family
returned to Turin in 1945.
In September 1946, Levi-Montalcini accepted an invitation to
Washington University in St. Louis, under the supervision of
Professor
Viktor Hamburger. Although the initial invitation was for
one semester, she stayed for thirty years. It was there that she
did her most important work: isolating the
nerve growth factor (NGF) from observations of certain
cancerous tissues that cause extremely rapid growth of nerve
cells in 1952.[11]
She was made a Full Professor in 1958, and in 1962, established
a research unit in Rome, dividing the rest of her time between
there and
St. Louis.
From 1961 to 1969 she directed the Research Center of
Neurobiology of the
CNR (Rome), and from 1969 to 1978 the Laboratory of Cellular
Biology.[11]
Rita Levi-Montalcini founded the European Brain Research
Institute in 2002, and then served as its president.[13][14]
Her role in this institute was at the center of some criticism
from some parts of the scientific community in 2010.[15]
Controversies were raised about the cooperation of
Levi-Montalcini with the Italian pharmaceutical industry Fidia.
While working for Fidia, she improved the understanding of
gangliosides. Beginning in 1975, the scientist supported the
drug Cronassial (a particular ganglioside) produced by Fidia
from bovine
brain
tissue. Independent studies showed that the drug actually could
be successful in treatment of intended diseases (periphrastic
nervous system neuropathies).[16][17]
Years later, some patients under treatment with Cronassial
reported a severe neurological syndrome (Guillain-Barré
syndrome). As per the normal cautionary routine, Germany
banned Cronassial in 1983, followed by other countries. Italy
prohibited the drug only in 1993; at the same time, an
investigation revealed that Fidia paid the Italian Ministry of
Health for a quick approval of Cronassial and later paid for
pushing use of the drug in treatment of diseases where it had
not been tested.[18][19][20]
During the investigation, one of the witnesses spoke about the
use of Levi-Montalcini as a sponsor for the drug, even
suggesting that the Nobel prize could have been "sponsored", and
serious criticism was levied at Levi-Montalcini.[21]
In the 1990s, she was one of the first scientists pointing
out the importance of the
mast cell in human pathology.[22]
In the same period (1993) she identified the endogenous compound
palmitoylethanolamide as an important modulator of this
cell.[23]
This line of research led to using
this endogenous compound as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory
drug.
Political
activity
On 1 August 2001, she was appointed as
Senator for Life by the then
President of the Italian Republic,
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[7]
On 28–29 April 2006, Levi-Montalcini, aged 97, attended the
opening assembly of the newly-elected Senate, at which the
President of the Senate was elected. She declared her preference
for the centre-left candidate
Franco Marini. Due to her support of the government of
Romano Prodi, she was often criticized by some right-wing
senators, who accused her of "saving" the government when the
government's exiguous majority in the Senate was at risk. She
was insulted by neo-fascist politicians such as
Francesco Storace.[24][25]
On 17 January 2010, she was present in Rome's main synagogue,
during the official visit of Pope
Benedict XVI.[26]
Death
Rita Levi-Montalcini died in her home in Rome on 30 December
2012 at the age of 103.[27]
Upon her death, the Mayor of Rome,
Gianni Alemanno, stated it was a great loss "for all of
humanity." He praised her as someone who represented "civic
conscience, culture and the spirit of research of our time."
Italian astrophysicist
Margherita Hack told Sky TG24 TV in a tribute to her fellow
scientist, "She is really someone to be admired." Italy's
premier,
Mario Monti, paid tribute to Levi-Montalcini's "charismatic
and tenacious" character and for her lifelong endeavor to
"defend the battles in which she believed." Vatican spokesman
Federico Lombardi praised Levi-Montalcini's civil and moral
efforts, saying she was an "inspiring" example for Italy and the
world.[28]
Family
Levi-Montalcini had an older brother
Gino, who died after a
heart attack in 1974. He was one of the most well known
Italian
architects and a professor at the
University of Turin.
She had two sisters: Anna, five years older than Rita, and
Paola, her twin sister, a popular artist who died on 29
September 2000, aged 91.
Awards and
honors
In 1968, she became the tenth woman[29]
elected to the
United States National Academy of Sciences.[30]
In 1974, although a professed atheist, she became a member of
the
Pontifical Academy of Sciences[31]
In 1983, she was awarded the
Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from
Columbia University.[32]
In 1986, Levi-Montalcini and collaborator
Stanley Cohen received the
Nobel Prize in Medicine,[11]
as well as the
Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research.[33]
This made her the fourth Nobel Prize winner to come from Italy's
small (less than 50,000 people) but very old Jewish community,
after
Emilio Segrè,
Salvador Luria (a university colleague and friend) and
Franco Modigliani.
In 1987, she received the
National Medal of Science, the highest American scientific
honor.[30]
In 1991, she received the Laurea Honoris Causa in Medicine
from the
University of Trieste, Italy. On that occasion, she
expressed her desire to formulate a Carta of Human Duties as
necessary counterpart of the too much neglected Declaration of
Human Rights. The vision of Rita Levi-Montalcini came true with
the issuing of the Trieste Declaration of Human Duties and the
foundation in 1993 of the International Council of Human Duties,
ICHD, at the University of Trieste.[34]
In 1999, Levi-Montalcini was nominated Goodwill Ambassador of
the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
by FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf.[35]
In 2001, she was nominated
Senator-for-life by the Italian President
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[36]
In 2006, Levi-Montalcini received the degree Honoris Causa in
Biomedical Engineering from the
Polytechnic University of Turin, in her native city.
In 2008, she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the
Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
She was a founding member of
Città della Scienza.[37]
Publications
Library resources |
About Rita
Levi-Montalcini |
|
By Rita
Levi-Montalcini |
|
- Origine ed Evoluzione del nucleo accessorio del Nervo
abducente nell'embrione di pollo, Roma, Tip. Cuggiani,
1942.
- Il messaggio nervoso, con Pietro Angeletti e
Giuseppe Moruzzi, Milano, Rizzoli, 1975.
- New developments in neurobiological research, in
"Commentarii", vol. III, n. 15, Pontificia Academia
Scientiarum, 1976.
- Elogio dell'imperfezione, Milano, Garzanti, 1987.
ISBN 88-11-59390-5. (1999 nuova edizione accresciuta).
- NGF. Apertura di una nuova frontiera nella
neurobiologia, Roma-Napoli, Theoria, 1989.
ISBN 88-241-0162-3.
- Sclerosi multipla in Italia. Aspetti e problemi,
con Mario Alberto Battaglia, Genova, AISM, 1989.
ISBN 88-7148-001-5.
- Presentazione di
Max Perutz, È necessaria la scienza?, Milano,
Garzanti, 1989.
ISBN 88-11-59415-4.
- Prefazione a
Carlo Levi, Poesie inedite. 1934-1946, Roma,
Mancosu, 1990.
- Prefazione a Gianni Bonadonna, Donne in medicina,
Milano, Rizzoli, 1991.
ISBN 88-17-84077-7.
- Presentazione di Gilberto Salmoni, Memoria: un telaio
infinito Dialogo su un mondo tutto da scoprire, Genova,
Costa & Nolan, 1993.
- Prefazione a Giacomo Scotti (a cura di), Non si trova
cioccolata. Lettere di bambini jugoslavi nell'orrore della
guerra, Napoli, Pironti, 1993.
ISBN 88-7937-095-2.
- Reti. Scienza, cultura, economia, con Guido
Cimino e Lauro Galzigna, Ancona, Transeuropa, 1993.
ISBN 88-7828-101-8.
- Vito Volterra. Il suo percorso, in Scienza,
tecnologia e istituzioni in Europa. Vito Volterra e
l'origine del CNR, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1993.
ISBN 88-420-4147-5.
- Il tuo futuro, Milano, Garzanti, 1993.
ISBN 88-11-73837-7.
- Per i settanta anni della Enciclopedia italiana,
1925-1995, in 1925-1995: la Treccani compie 70 anni.
Mostra storico-documentaria, Roma, Treccani, Istituto
della Enciclopedia italiana, 1995.
- Prefazione a American Medical Association, L'uso
degli animali nella ricerca scientifica. Libro bianco,
Bologna, Esculapio, 1995.
- Senz'olio contro vento, Milano, Baldini &
Castoldi, 1996.
ISBN 88-8089-198-7.
- L'asso nella manica a brandelli, Milano, Baldini
& Castoldi, 1998.
ISBN 88-8089-429-3.
- La galassia mente, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi,
1999.
ISBN 88-8089-636-9.
- Presentazione di Nicola Canal, Angelo Ghezzi e Mauro
Zaffaroni, Sclerosi multipla. Attualità e prospettive,
Milano, Masson, 1999.
ISBN 88-214-2467-7.
- Intervista in Serena Zoli, Storie di ordinaria
resurrezione (e non). Fuori dalla depressione e altri mali
oscuri, Milano, Rizzoli, 1999.
ISBN 88-17-86072-7.
- L'Università delle tre culture. Conferenza della
professoressa Rita Levi-Montalcini, Sondrio, Banca
Popolare di Sondrio, 1999.
- Cantico di una vita, Milano, Cortina, 2000.
ISBN 88-7078-666-8.
- Un universo inquieto. Vita e opere di Paola Levi
Montalcini, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2001.
ISBN 88-8490-111-1.
- Tempo di mutamenti, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi,
2002.
ISBN 88-8490-140-5.
- Tempo di azione, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai,
2004.
ISBN 88-8490-429-3.
- Abbi il coraggio di conoscere, Milano, Rizzoli,
2004.
ISBN 88-17-00199-6.
- Lungo le vie della conoscenza. Un viaggio per
sentieri inesplorati con Rita Levi-Montalcini, con
Giuseppina Tripodi, Brescia, Serra Tarantola, 2005.
ISBN 88-88507-56-6.
- Eva era africana, Roma, Gallucci, 2005.
ISBN 88-88716-35-1.
- I nuovi magellani nell'er@ digitale, con
Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2006.
ISBN 88-17-00823-0.
- Tempo di revisione, con Giuseppina Tripodi,
Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2006.
ISBN 88-8490-983-X.
- La vita intellettuale, in La vita
intellettuale. Professioni, arti, impresa in Italia e nel
pianeta. Atti del forum internazionale, 13 e 14 febbraio
2007, Bologna, Salone del podesta di Palazzo Re Enzo, Piazza
del Nettuno, Bologna, Proctor, 2007.
ISBN 978-88-95499-00-0.
- Rita Levi-Montalcini racconta la scuola ai
ragazzi|Rita Levi-Montalcini con Giuseppina Tripodi racconta
la scuola ai ragazzi, Milano, Fabbri, 2007.
ISBN 978-88-451-4308-3.
- Le tue antenate. Donne pioniere nella società e nella
scienza dall'antichità ai giorni nostri, con Giuseppina
Tripodi, Roma, Gallucci, 2008.
ISBN 978-88-6145-033-2.
- La clessidra della vita di Rita Levi-Montalcini,
con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai,
2008.
ISBN 978-88-6073-444-0.
- Ritmi d'arte, Serra Tarantola, 2008
ISBN 88-95839-05-6
- Cronologia di una scoperta, Milano, Baldini
Castoldi Dalai, 2009.
ISBN 978-88-6073-557-7.
- L'altra parte del mondo, con Giuseppina Tripodi,
Milano, Rizzoli, 2009.
ISBN 978-88-17-01529-5.
See also
References
-
^
"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986".
The Nobel Foundation.
Retrieved 1 January 2013.
-
^
Bradshaw, R. A. (2013). "Rita
Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012)". Nature
493 (7432): 306.
doi:10.1038/493306a.
PMID 23325208. edit
-
^
a
b
Abbott, A. (2009).
"Neuroscience: One hundred years of
Rita". Nature
458 (7238): 564–567.
doi:10.1038/458564a.
PMID 19340056.
edit
-
^
"The Doyenne of Neuroscience celebrates her 100th
birthday". IBRO.
Retrieved 31 December 2012.
-
^
Owen, Richard (30 April
2009).
"Secret of Longevity: No Food, No Husband, No Regrets".
Excelle.
Retrieved 31 December 2012.
-
^
a
b
c
Carey, Benedict (30 December
2012).
"Dr. Rita Levi-Montalcini, Nobel Winner, Dies at 103".
The New York Times.
-
^
a
b
"Scheda di attività - Rita LEVI-MONTALCINI".
Retrieved 1 January 2013.
-
^
http://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21569019-rita-levi-montalcini-biologist-died-december-30th-aged-103-rita-levi-montalcini
Rita Levi-Montalcini
-
^
Krause-Jackson, Flavia;
Martinuzzi, Elisa (30 December 2012).
"Levi-Montalcini, Italian Nobel Laureate, Dies at 103".
Bloomberg.
-
^
Siegel, Judy (4 March 2008).
"Oldest living Nobel laureate arrives today on
solidarity visit. 98- year-old Italian neurologist Rita
Levi-Montalcini triumphed over Mussolini's anti-Jewish
edicts".
The Jerusalem Post.
Retrieved 30 December 2012.
-
^
a
b
c
d
"Nobel-winning scientist Levi-Montalcini dies in Rome at
103, biologist studied growth factor". Fox News
Channel. 30 December 2012.
Retrieved 31 December 2012.
-
^
"Death by Design: Where Parallel Worlds Meet".
Internet Movie Database.
Retrieved 31 December 2012.
-
^
"Rita Levi-Montalcini". Washington University.
Retrieved 31 December 2012.
-
^
"The European Brain Research Institute in Rome".
Network of European Neuroscience Institutes.
Retrieved 31 December 2012.
-
^
"Self-inflicted damage.The autocratic actions of an
institute's founder could destroy a centre of excellence
for brain research.Nature 463, 270 (21 January 2010)".
-
^
"Ganglioside (Cronassial) therapy in diabetic
neuropathy".
Retrieved 31 December 2012.
-
^
"Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of a
mixture of gangliosides ('Cronassial') in post-herpetic
neuralgia.".
Retrieved 1 January 2013.
-
^
"Qualità Intellettuale". UNIPG.
Retrieved 16 March 2011.
-
^
"Fallimenti storici". Dica33.
Retrieved 16 March 2011.
-
^
"Rita Levi Montalcini e la vicenda Cronossial".
Politica Molecolare. November 2011.
Retrieved 16 March 2011.
-
^
"Nobel comprato? Non ne so nulla".
Retrieved 6 June 2010.
-
^
Leon, A.; Buriani, A.;
Dal Toso, R.; Fabris, M.; Romanello, S.; Aloe, L.;
Levi-Montalcini, R. (1994).
"Mast cells synthesize, store, and release nerve growth
factor". Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 91
(9): 3739–3743.
PMC 43657.
PMID 8170980. edit
-
^
Aloe, L.; Leon, A.;
Levi-Montalcini, R. (1993). "A proposed autacoid
mechanism controlling mastocyte behaviour". Agents
and actions. 39 Spec No: C145–C147.
PMID 7505999. edit
-
^
"Mastella: sì al procedimento su Storace".
Repubblica. 17 October 2007.
Retrieved 16 March 2011.
-
^
"Dispetto alla Montalcini al seggio". La Repubblica.
14 April 2008.
Retrieved 16 March 2011.
-
^
Pope Tries to Soothe Tensions With Jews. The New York
Times, 17 January 2010.
-
^
"Addio al premio Nobel Rita Levi Montalcini". ANSA.
30 December 2012.
Retrieved 30 December 2012.
-
^
D'Emilio, Frances (30
December 2012).
"Nobel-winning biologist Rita Levi-Montalcini dies at
103". NBC News. Associated Press.
Retrieved 31 December 2012.
-
^
Wasserman, Elga (2000).
The Door in the Dream: Conversations With Eminent
Women in Science.
Joseph Henry Press. p. 61.
ISBN 0309086191.
Retrieved 30 December 2012.
-
^
a
b
Yount, Lisa (2007).
A to Z of Women in Science and Math.
Infobase Publishing. p. 174.
ISBN 1438107951.
Retrieved 30 December 2012.
-
^
"Rita Levi-Montalcini". The Pontifical Academy of
Sciences. Retrieved
31 December 2012.
-
^
"Rita Levi-Montalcini - The Embryo Project Encyclopedia".
ASU. Retrieved 30
December 2012.
-
^
"Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award: 1986
Winners".
Lasker Foundation.
Retrieved 31 December 2012.
-
^
"International Council of Human Duties".
Retrieved 2 January 2013.
-
^
"Meet the Goodwill Ambassadors". FAO.
Retrieved 31 December 2012.
-
^
Ghieth, Sheyam (13 April
2006).
"Prodi May Need Elderly Senators to Keep Government".
Bloomberg. Retrieved
30 December 2012.
-
^
"E’ scomparsa Rita Levi Montalcini, premio Nobel per la
medicina, tra i soci fondatori di Città della Scienza".
Città della Scienza.
Retrieved 1 January 2013.
For
further reading
- Navis, Adam
(2007),
"Rita Levi-Montalcini.", Embryo Project Encyclopedia.
- Aloe, L. (2004). "Rita
Levi-Montalcini: The discovery of nerve growth
factor and modern neurobiology". Trends in Cell Biology
14 (7): 395–399.
doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2004.05.011.
PMID 15246433. edit
- Shampo, M. A.; Kyle, R.
A. (2003). "Stamp vignette on medical science.
Rita Levi-Montalcini--Nobel
Prize for work in neurology". Mayo Clinic proceedings.
Mayo Clinic 78 (12): 1448.
doi:10.4065/78.12.1448.
PMID 14661672. edit
- Aloe, L. (2003). "Rita
Levi-Montalcini and the discovery of nerve growth
factor: Past and present studies". Archives italiennes de
biologie 141 (2–3): 65–83.
PMID 12825318. edit
- Cowan, W. M. (2001). "Viktor
Hamburger Andrita
Levi-Montalcini: The Path to the Discovery of Nerve
Growth Factor". Annual Review of Neuroscience 24:
551–600.
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.551.
PMID 11283321. edit
- Provine, R. R. (2001).
"In the trenches with
Viktor Hamburger and Rita
Levi-Montalcini (1965-1974): One student's
perspective". International journal of developmental
neuroscience : the official journal of the International
Society for Developmental Neuroscience 19 (2):
143–149.
doi:10.1016/S0736-5748(00)00081-2.
PMID 11255028. edit
- Levi-Montalcini, R.
(2000). "From a home-made laboratory to the Nobel Prize: An
interview with Rita Levi-Montalcini".
The International journal of developmental biology
44 (6): 563–566.
PMID 11061418. edit
- Raju, T. N. (2000). "The
Nobel chronicles. 1986:
Stanley Cohen (b 1922); Rita
Levi-Montalcini (b 1909)". Lancet 355
(9202): 506.
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)82069-3.
PMID 10841166. edit
- Aloe, L. (1999). "Rita
Levi-Montalcini: A brief biographic view of past
and present studies on nerve growth factor". Microscopy
Research and Technique 45 (4–5): 207–209.
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19990515/01)45:4/5<207::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-E.
PMID 10383112. edit
- Bendiner, E. (1992). "Rita
Levi-Montalcini and the unveiling of growth
factors". Hospital practice (Office ed.) 27
(4A): 135–145.
PMID 1560084. edit
- Pécsi, T. (1987). "Nobel
Prize for medicine, 1986 (Rita
Levi-Montalcini)". Orvosi hetilap 128
(20): 1047–1048.
PMID 3295669. edit
- Weltman, J. K. (1987).
"The 1986 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine awarded for
discovery of growth factors: Rita
Levi-Montalcini, M.D., and
Stanley Cohen, Ph.D". New England and regional
allergy proceedings 8 (1): 47–48.
doi:10.2500/108854187779045385.
PMID 3302667. edit
- Holloway, Marguerite
(January 1993).
"Finding the Good in the Bad".
Scientific American Magazine 268: 32–36.
Sources
- Levi-Montalcini, Rita, In Praise of Imperfection: My
Life and Work.(Elogio dell'imperfezione) Basic
Books, New York, 1988.
- Yount, Lisa (1996). Twentieth Century Women
Scientists. New York: Facts on File.
ISBN 0-8160-3173-8.
- Muhm, Myriam : Vage Hoffnung für Parkinson-Kranke -
Überlegungen der Medizin-Nobelpreisträgerin Rita
Levi-Montalcini,
Süddeutsche Zeitung #293, p. 22. December 1986
"L'Archivio "medicina - medicine"". Larchivio.org.
Retrieved 2011-03-16.
External links
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