-
July
-
Margherita Hack
-
Idiom
-
Laurel and Hardy
-
Cloud computing
-
Fast food
-
Coursera
-
Tour de France
-
English modal verbs
-
Hartz concept
-
American Civil War
-
Florence
-
Rita Levi Montalcini
-
Flier (pamphlet)
-
Credit rating agency
-
Crusades
-
Web browser
-
David Bowie
-
English people
-
Cyberwarfare
-
Password
-
iOS 7
-
Massive open online course
-
Arthur Conan Doyle
-
Defense of Marriage Act
-
List of Italian musical terms used in English
-
Number
-
Unique selling proposition (USP)
-
Transatlantic Free Trade Area
-
Robin Hood
-
Louvre
|
WIKIMAG n. 8 - Luglio 2013
English people
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|
1st row:
Alfred the Great •
Oliver Cromwell •
William Shakespeare •
Michael Palin •
Georgiana Cavendish •
Walter Raleigh •
Sting
2nd row:
Elizabeth I of England •
Bobby Moore •
Margaret Thatcher •
David Beckham •
Harold Godwinson •
Kate Winslet •
Charles Dickens
3rd row:
Pope Adrian IV •
Daniel Craig •
Isaac Newton •
George Harrison •
Jane Austen •
Damon Albarn •
George Stephenson |
Total population |
100+ million worldwide |
Regions with
significant populations |
United
Kingdom 45,265,093[1] |
United
States |
25,927,345 -
49,598,035 a |
[2]'[3] |
Canada |
6,570,015
b |
[4] |
Australia |
7,238,500-10,700,000 c |
[5][6] |
New
Zealand |
44,202 – 281,895 |
[7] |
|
Languages |
English |
Religion |
Traditionally
Anglicanism, but also
non-conformists (see
History of the Church of England) and also Roman
Catholics (see
Catholic Emancipation); as well as other faiths (see
Religion in England). |
Footnotes |
a
English American, b
English Canadian, c
English Australian |
The English are a
nation and
ethnic group native to
England, who speak
English. The English identity is of
early mediaeval origin, when they were known in
Old English as the Anglecynn. England is a
country of the United Kingdom, and English people in England
are
British Citizens. Their
ethnonym is derived from the
Angles,
Germanic peoples who migrated to
Great Britain after the fifth century AD.[8]
Historically, the English population is descended from
several
genetically similar peoples—the earlier
Britons (or Brythons), the
Germanic tribes that settled in the region, including
Angles,
Saxons, and
Jutes,
collectively known as the
Anglo-Saxons, who founded what was to become England (from
the
Old English Englaland), and the later
Danes,
Normans and other groups. Following the
Act of Union in 1707, in which the
Kingdom of England became part of the
Kingdom of Great Britain,[9]
English customs and identity became closely aligned with British
customs and identity.
Today, some English people have recent forbears from other
parts of the United Kingdom, while some are also descended from
more recent immigrants from other European countries and from
the
Commonwealth.
The English people are the source of the English language,
the
parliamentary system, the
common law system and numerous major sports. These and other
English cultural characteristics have spread worldwide, in part
as a result of the former
British Empire.
English
nationality
Although England is no longer an independent nation state,
but rather a
constituent country within the United Kingdom, the English
may still be regarded as a "nation" according to the
Oxford English Dictionary's definition: a group united
by factors that include "language, culture, history, or
occupation of the same territory".[10]
The concept of an "English nation" is far older than that of
the "British nation", and the 1990s witnessed a revival in
English self-consciousness.[11]
This is linked to the expressions of national self-awareness of
the other British nations of Wales and Scotland – which take
their most solid form in the new
devolved political arrangements within the United Kingdom –
and the waning of a shared British national identity with the
growing distance between the end of the
British Empire and the present.[13][14]
Many recent immigrants to England have assumed a solely
British identity, while others have developed dual or hyphenated
identities.[16]
Use of the word "English" to describe Britons from ethnic
minorities in England is complicated by most non-white people in
England identifying as British rather than English. In their
2004 Annual Population Survey, the
Office for National Statistics compared the ethnic
identities of British people with their perceived national
identity. They found that while 58% of white people described
their nationality as "English", the vast majority of non-white
people called themselves "British".[17]
Relationship to Britishness
It is unclear how many British people consider themselves
English. In the
2001 UK census, respondents were invited to state their
ethnicity, but while there were
tick boxes for 'Irish'
and for 'Scottish',
there were none for 'English', or 'Welsh',
who were subsumed into the general heading 'White British'.[18]
Following complaints about this, the 2011 census will "allow
respondents to record their English, Welsh, Scottish, Northern
Irish, Irish or other identity."[19]
Another complication in defining the English is a common
tendency for the words "English" and "British" to be used
interchangeably, especially overseas. In his study of English
identity,
Krishan Kumar describes a common slip of the tongue in which
people say "English, I mean British". He notes that this slip is
normally made only by the English themselves and by foreigners:
"Non-English members of the United Kingdom rarely say 'British'
when they mean 'English'". Kumar suggests that although this
blurring is a sign of England's dominant position with the UK,
it is also "problematic for the English [...] when it comes to
conceiving of their national identity. It tells of the
difficulty that most English people have of distinguishing
themselves, in a collective way, from the other inhabitants of
the British Isles".
In 1965, the historian
A. J. P. Taylor wrote,
- "When the
Oxford History of England was launched a generation
ago, "England" was still an all-embracing word. It meant
indiscriminately England and Wales; Great Britain; the
United Kingdom; and even the British Empire. Foreigners used
it as the name of a
Great Power and indeed continue to do so.
Bonar Law, by origin a
Scotch Canadian, was not ashamed to describe himself as
"Prime Minister of England" [...] Now terms have become more
rigorous. The use of "England" except for a geographic area
brings protests, especially from the
Scotch."[21]
However, although Taylor believed this blurring effect was
dying out, in his book The Isles (1999),
Norman Davies lists numerous examples in history books of
"British" still being used to mean "English" and vice versa.[22]
In December 2010,
Matthew Parris of
The Spectator, analysing the use of “English” over
“British”, argued that English identity, rather than growing,
had existed all along but has recently been unmasked from behind
a veneer of Britishness.[23]
Historical origins and identity
The conventional view of English origins is that the English
are primarily descended from the
Anglo-Saxons, the term used to describe the various
Germanic tribes that migrated to Great Britain following the
end of the
Roman occupation of Britain, with assimilation of later
migrants such as the
Vikings and
Normans. This version of history is considered by some
historians as simplistic or even incorrect on the basis of more
recent genetic and archaeological research. Based on a
re-estimation of the number of settlers, some have taken the
view that it is highly unlikely that the existing British
Celtic-speaking population was substantially displaced by the
Anglo-Saxons and that instead a process of acculturation took
place, with an Anglo-Saxon ruling elite imposing their culture
on the local populations.[24][25]
However, many historians, while making allowance for British
survival, still hold to the view that there was significant
displacement of the indigenous population.[26][27]
The
Celtic-speaking populations, particularly in their use of
Brythonic languages such as
Cornish,
Cumbric, and
Welsh, held on for several centuries in parts of England
such as
Cornwall, Devon,
Cumbria and a part of
Lancashire.[28][29]
Historian Catherine Hills describes what she calls the "national
origin myth" of the English:
- The arrival of the Anglo-Saxons ... is still perceived
as an important and interesting event because it is believed
to have been a key factor in the identity of the present
inhabitants of the British Isles, involving migration on
such a scale as to permanently change the population of
south-east Britain, and making the English a distinct and
different people from the Celtic
Irish,
Welsh and
Scots ....this is an example of a national origin
myth ... and shows why there are seldom simple answers to
questions about origins.[30]
Recent books by
Stephen Oppenheimer and
Bryan Sykes have argued that the recent genetic studies in
fact do not show a clear dividing line between the English and
their 'Celtic' neighbours, but that there is a gradual
clinal change from west coast Britain to east coast Britain.
They suggest that the majority of the ancestors of British
peoples were the original palaeolithic settlers of Great
Britain, and that the differences that exist between the east
and west coasts of Great Britain though not large, are deep in
prehistory, mostly originating in the upper palaeolithic and
Mesolithic (15,000–7,000 years ago). Furthermore, Oppenheimer
stated that genetic testing has proven that "75% of British and
Irish ancestors arrive[d] between 15,000 and 7,500 years ago"
(that is, long before the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons, and even
before
that of the Celts).[31]
There is support to say that these ancestors came from the
Iberian peninsula and southwestern
France[dubious
–
discuss], but not from
Central Europe, where the Proto-Celts once lived.
In 2002, the
BBC
used the headline "English and Welsh are races apart" to report
a genetic survey of test subjects from
market towns in England and Wales,[32]
while in September 2006,
The Sunday Times reported that a survey of first names
and surnames in the UK had identified
Ripley in Derbyshire as "the 'most English' place in England
with 88.58% of residents having an English ethnic background".[33]
The
Daily Mail printed an article with the headline "We're
all
Germans! (and we have been for 1,600 years)".[34][35]
History of English people
Early
Middle Ages
"The Arrival of the First Ancestors of Englishmen
out of Germany into Britain": a fanciful image of
the Anglo-Saxon migration, an event central to the
English
national myth. From A Restitution of Decayed
Intelligence by
Richard Verstegan (1605)
The first people to be called 'English' were the
Anglo-Saxons, a group of closely related
Germanic tribes that began migrating to eastern and southern
Great Britain, from southern
Denmark and northern Germany, in the 5th century AD, after
the
Romans had withdrawn from Britain. The Anglo-Saxons gave
their name to England (Engla land, meaning "Land of the
Angles") and to the English.
The Anglo-Saxons arrived in a land that was already populated
by people commonly referred to as the 'Romano-British'—the
descendants of the native Brythonic-speaking population that
lived in the area of Britain under Roman rule during the 1st–5th
centuries AD. The multi-ethnic nature of the Roman Empire meant
that small numbers of other peoples may have also been present
in England before the Anglo-Saxons arrived. There is
archaeological evidence, for example, of an early North African
presence in a Roman garrison at Aballava, now Burgh-by-Sands, in
Cumbria; a fourth-century inscription says that the Roman
military unit Numerus Maurorum Aurelianorum ("unit of
Aurelian Moors") from Mauretania (Morocco) was stationed there.[36]
The exact nature of
the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons and their relationship with
the Romano-British is a matter of debate. Traditionally, it was
believed that a mass invasion by various Anglo-Saxon tribes
largely displaced the indigenous British population in southern
and eastern Great Britain (modern-day England with the exception
of
Cornwall). This was supported by the writings of
Gildas, the only contemporary historical account of the
period, describing slaughter and starvation of native Britons by
invading tribes (aduentus
Saxonum).[37]
Added to this was the fact that the English language contains
no more than a handful of words borrowed from
Brythonic sources (although the names of some towns, cities,
rivers etc. do have Brythonic or pre-Brythonic origins, becoming
more frequent towards the west of Britain).[38]
However, this view has been re-evaluated by some archaeologists
and historians since the 1960s, and more recently supported by
genetic studies,[39]
who see only minimal evidence for mass displacement.
Archaeologist
Francis Pryor has stated that he "can't see any evidence for
bona fide mass migrations after the
Neolithic."[40]
While the historian Malcolm Todd writes "It is much more
likely that a large proportion of the British population
remained in place and was progressively dominated by a Germanic
aristocracy, in some cases marrying into it and leaving Celtic
names in the, admittedly very dubious, early lists of
Anglo-Saxon dynasties. But how we identify the surviving Britons
in areas of predominantly Anglo-Saxon settlement, either
archaeologically or linguistically, is still one of the deepest
problems of early English history."[41]
In a survey of the genes of British and Irish men, even those
British regions that were most genetically similar to (Germanic
speaking) continental regions were still more genetically
British than continental: "When included in the PC analysis, the
Frisians were more 'Continental' than any of the British
samples, although they were somewhat closer to the British ones
than the North German/Denmark sample. For example, the part of
mainland Britain that has the most Continental input is Central
England, but even here the
AMH+1 frequency, not below 44% (Southwell), is higher than
the 35% observed in the Frisians. These results demonstrate that
even with the choice of Frisians as a source for the
Anglo-Saxons, there is a clear indication of a continuing
indigenous component in the English paternal genetic makeup."[42]
Vikings and the Danelaw
From about AD 800 waves of
Danish
Viking assaults on the coastlines of the
British Isles were gradually followed by a succession of
Danish settlers in England. At first, the Vikings were very much
considered a separate people from the English. This separation
was enshrined when
Alfred the Great signed the
Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum to establish the
Danelaw, a division of England between English and Danish
rule, with the Danes occupying northern and eastern England.[43]
However, Alfred's successors subsequently won military
victories against the Danes, incorporating much of the Danelaw
into the nascent kingdom of England. Danish invasions continued
into the 11th century, and there were both English and Danish
kings in the period following the unification of England (for
example,
Æthelred II (978–1013 and 1014–1016) was English but
Cnut (1016–1035) was Danish).
Gradually, the Danes in England came to be seen as 'English'.
They had a noticeable impact on the English language: many
English words, such as anger, ball, egg,
got, knife, take, and they, are
of Old Norse origin,[44]
and place names that end in -thwaite and -by are
Scandinavian in origin.[45]
English
unification
Southern Great Britain in AD 600 after the
Anglo-Saxon settlement, showing England's division
into multiple
petty kingdoms.
The English population was not politically unified until the
10th century. Before then, it consisted of a number of
petty kingdoms which gradually coalesced into a
Heptarchy of seven powerful states, the most powerful of
which were
Mercia and
Wessex. The English
nation state began to form when the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
united against Danish Viking invasions, which began around 800
AD. Over the following century and a half England was for the
most part a politically unified entity, and remained permanently
so after 959.
The nation of England was formed in 937 by
Athelstan of
Wessex after the
Battle of Brunanburh,[46][47]
as Wessex grew from a relatively small kingdom in the South West
to become the founder of the Kingdom of the English,
incorporating all
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and the
Danelaw.[48]
Norman and Angevin rule
The
Norman conquest of England during 1066 brought Anglo-Saxon
and Danish rule of England to an end, as the new
Norman elite almost universally replaced the Anglo-Saxon
aristocracy and church leaders. After the conquest, "English"
normally included all natives of England, whether they were of
Anglo-Saxon, Scandinavian or Celtic ancestry, to distinguish
them from the Norman invaders, who were regarded as "Norman"
even if born in England, for a generation or two after the
Conquest.[49]
The Norman dynasty ruled England for 87 years until the death of
King Stephen in 1154, when the succession passed to
Henry II,
House of Plantagenet (based in France), and England became
part of the
Angevin Empire until 1399.
Various contemporary sources suggest that within fifty years
of the invasion most of the Normans outside the royal court had
switched to English, with
Anglo-Norman remaining the prestige language of government
and law largely out of social inertia. For example, Orderic
Vitalis, a historian born in 1075 and the son of a Norman
knight, said that he learned French only as a second language.
Anglo-Norman continued to be used by the Plantagenet kings until
Edward I came to the throne.[50]
Over time the English language became more important even in the
court, and the Normans were gradually assimilated, until, by the
14th century, both rulers and subjects regarded themselves as
English and spoke the English language.[51]
Despite the assimilation of the Normans, the distinction
between 'English' and 'French' survived in official documents
long after it had fallen out of common use, in particular in the
legal phrase
Presentment of Englishry (a rule by which a
hundred had to prove an unidentified murdered body found on
their soil to be that of an Englishman, rather than a Norman, if
they wanted to avoid a fine). This law was abolished in 1340.[52]
In the
United Kingdom
Since the 18th century, England has been one part of a wider
political entity covering all or part of the
British Isles, which today is called the United Kingdom.
Wales
was
annexed by England by the
Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, which incorporated Wales into
the English state.[53]
A new British identity was subsequently developed when
James VI of Scotland became
James I of England as well, and expressed the desire to be
known as the monarch of Britain.[54]
In 1707, England formed a union with
Scotland by passing an
Act of Union in March 1707 that ratified the
Treaty of Union. The
Parliament of Scotland had previously passed its own Act of
Union, so the
Kingdom of Great Britain was born on 1 May 1707. In 1801,
another
Act of Union formed a union between the Kingdom of Great
Britain and the
Kingdom of Ireland, creating the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922, about
two thirds of the Irish population (those who lived in
twenty-six of the thirty-two counties of Ireland), left the
United Kingdom to form the
Irish Free State. The remainder became the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland, although this name was not
introduced until 1927, after some years in which the term
"United Kingdom" had been little used.
Throughout the history of the UK, the English have been
dominant in population and in political weight. As a
consequence, notions of 'Englishness' and 'Britishness' are
often very similar. At the same time, after the Union of 1707,
the English, along with the other peoples of the British Isles,
have been encouraged to think of themselves as British rather
than to identify themselves with the constituent nations.[55]
Immigration and assimilation
Although England has not been conquered since the Norman
conquest nor extensively settled since, it has been the
destination of varied numbers of migrants at different periods
from the seventeenth century. While some members of these groups
maintain a separate ethnic identity, others have
assimilated and
intermarried with the English. Since
Oliver Cromwell's
resettlement of the Jews in 1656, there have been waves of
Jewish immigration from
Russia in the nineteenth century and from Germany in the
twentieth.[56]
After the French king
Louis XIV declared Protestantism illegal in 1685 with the
Edict of Fontainebleau, an estimated 50,000 Protestant
Huguenots fled to England.[57]
Due to sustained and sometimes mass emigration from Ireland,
current estimates indicate that around 6 million people in the
UK have at least one grandparent born in Ireland.[58]
There has been a
black presence in England since the 16th century due to the
slave trade,[59]
and an
Indian presence since at least the 17th century because of
the
East India Company[60]
and
British Raj,[59]
or 16th century with the arrival of
Romanichal migrants.
Black and
Asian populations have grown in England as immigration from
the British Empire and the subsequent
Commonwealth of Nations was encouraged due to labour
shortages during post-war rebuilding.[61]
However, these groups are often still considered to be ethnic
minorities and research has shown that black and Asian people in
the UK are more likely to identify as British rather than with
one of the state's four constituent nations, including England.[62]
Current national and political identity
The 1990s witnessed a resurgence of English national
identity.[63]
Survey data shows a rise in the number of people in England
describing their national identity as English and a fall in the
number describing themselves as British.[64]
Scholars and journalists have noted a rise in English
self-consciousness, with increased use of the
English flag, particularly at football matches where the
Union flag was previously more commonly flown by fans.[66]
This perceived rise in English self-consciousness has
generally been attributed to the
devolution in the late 1990s of some powers to the
Scottish Parliament and
National Assembly for Wales.[63][67]
In policy areas for which the devolved administrations in
Scotland, Wales and
Northern Ireland have responsibility, the UK Parliament
votes on laws that consequently only apply to England. Because
the Westminster Parliament is composed of MPs from throughout
the UK, this has given rise to the "West
Lothian question", a reference to the situation in which MPs
representing constituencies outside England can vote on matters
affecting only England, but MPs cannot vote on the same matters
in relation to the other parts of the UK.[68]
Consequently, groups such as the
Campaign for an English Parliament have called for the
creation of a
devolved English Parliament, claiming that there is now a
discriminatory democratic deficit against the English. The
establishment of an English parliament has also been backed by a
number of Scottish and Welsh nationalists.[69][70]
Writer
Paul Johnson has suggested that like most dominant groups,
the English have only demonstrated interest in their ethnic
self-definition when they were feeling oppressed.[71]
John Curtice argues that "In the early years of
devolution...there was little sign" of an English backlash
against devolution for Scotland and Wales, but that more
recently survey data shows tentative signs of "a form of English
nationalism...beginning to emerge among the general public".[72]
Michael Kenny,
Richard English and Richard Hayton, meanwhile, argue that
the resurgence in English nationalism predates devolution, being
observable in the early 1990s, but that this resurgence does not
necessarily have negative implications for the perception of the
UK as a political union.[73]
Others question whether devolution has led to a rise in English
national identity at all, arguing that survey data fails to
portray the complex nature of national identities, with many
people considering themselves both English and British.
Recent surveys of public opinion on the establishment of an
English parliament have given widely varying conclusions. In the
first five years of devolution for Scotland and Wales, support
in England for the establishment of an English parliament was
low at between 16 and 19 per cent, according to successive
British Social Attitudes Surveys.[75]
A report, also based on the British Social Attitudes Survey,
published in December 2010 suggests that only 29 per cent of
people in England support the establishment of an English
parliament, though this figure had risen from 17 per cent in
2007.[76]
One 2007 poll carried out for
BBC
Newsnight, however, found that 61 per cent would support
such a parliament being established.[77]
Krishan Kumar notes that support for measures to ensure that
only English MPs can vote on legislation that applies only to
England is generally higher than that for the establishment of
an English parliament, although support for both varies
depending on the timing of the opinion poll and the wording of
the question.
Electoral support for English nationalist parties is also low,
even though there is public support for many of the policies
they espouse.[79]
The
English Democrats gained just 64,826 votes in the
2010 UK general election, accounting for 0.3 per cent of all
votes cast in England.[80]
Kumar argued in 2010 that "despite devolution and occasional
bursts of English nationalism – more an expression of
exasperation with the Scots or Northern Irish – the English
remain on the whole satisfied with current constitutional
arrangements".
English
diaspora
From the earliest times English people have left England to
settle in other parts of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, but
it is not possible to identify their numbers, as British
censuses have historically not invited respondents to identify
themselves as English.[83]
However, the census does record place of birth, revealing that
8.08% of Scotland's population,[84]
3.66% of the population of
Northern Ireland[85]
and 20% of the Welsh population were born in England.[86]
Similarly, the census of the Republic of Ireland does not
collect information on ethnicity, but it does record that there
are over 200,000 people living in Ireland who were born in
England and Wales.[87]
English emigrant and ethnic descent communities are found
across the world, and in some places, settled in significant
numbers. Substantial populations descended from English
colonists and immigrants exist in the United States, Canada,
Australia, South Africa and New Zealand.
United States
According to the
American Community Survey in 2009 data,
Americans reporting English ancestry made up an estimated
9.0% of the total U.S. population, and form the
third largest European ancestry group after
German Americans and
Irish Americans.[88]
However,
demographers regard this as an undercount, as the index of
inconsistency is high, and many, if not most, people from
English stock have a tendency to identify simply as
Americans[89][90][91][92]
or, if of mixed European ancestry, nominate a more recent and
differentiated ethnic group.[93]
Throughout the nineteenth century, England was the largest
investor in American land development, railroads, mining, cattle
ranching, and heavy industry. Perhaps because English settlers
gained easy acceptance, they founded few organizations dedicated
to preserving the traditions of their homeland. In the
2000 United States Census, 24,509,692 Americans described
their
ancestry as wholly or partly English. In addition, 1,035,133
recorded British ancestry.[94]
In the
1980 United States Census, over 49 million (49,598,035)
Americans claimed English ancestry, at the time around 26.34% of
the total population and largest reported group which, even
today, would make them the largest ethnic group in the United
States.[95][96]
Canada
In the
2006 Canadian Census, 'English' was the most common ethnic
origin (ethnic origin refers to the ethnic or cultural group(s)
to which the respondent's ancestors belong[97])
recorded by respondents; 6,570,015 people described themselves
as wholly or partly English, 16% of the population.[98]
On the other hand people identifying as Canadian but not English
may have previously identified as English before the option of
identifying as Canadian was available.[99]
Australia
In Australia, the
2006 Australian Census recorded 6,298,945 people who
described their ancestry, but not ethnicity, as 'English'.
1,425,559 of these people recorded that both their parents were
born overseas.
Other
communities
Significant numbers of people with at least some English
ancestry also live in
Scotland and
Wales,
as well as in
Ireland,
Chile,
Argentina,
New Zealand,
South Africa and
Brazil.
Since the 1980s there have been increasingly large numbers of
English people, estimated at over 3 million, permanently or
semi-permanently living in Spain and France, drawn there by the
climate and cheaper house prices.[100]
Culture
|
This section requires
expansion. (September 2009) |
The culture of England is sometimes difficult to separate
clearly from the
culture of the United Kingdom,[101]
so influential has English culture been on the cultures of the
British Isles and, on the other hand, given the extent to
which other cultures have influenced life in
England.
See also
Language:
Diaspora:
Notes
-
^ The
CIA World Factbook reports that in the 2001 UK
census 92.1% of the UK population were in the White
ethnic group, and that 83.6% of this group are in the
English ethnic group. The UK
Office for National Statistics reports a total
population in the UK census of 58,789,194. A quick
calculation shows this is equivalent to 45,265,093
people in the English ethnic group. However, this number
may not represent a self-defined ethnic group, these
data do not take into account non-white people who would
also identify as ethnically English. The number who
described their ethnic group as English in the 2001 UK
census has not been published by the
Office for National Statistics.
-
^
2010 ACS Ancestry estimates
-
^
US Census 1980
-
^ (Ethnic
origin) The
2006 Canadian Census gives 1,367,125 respondents
stating their ethnic origin as English as a
single response, and 5,202,890 including multiple
responses, giving a combined total of 6,570,015.
-
^ (Ancestry)
The
2011 Australian Census reports 7,238,500 people of
English ancestry.
-
^ G.
Leitner, Australia's Many Voices: Australian
English--The National Language, 2004, p. 66
-
^ (Ethnic
origin) The
2006 New Zealand census reports 44,202 people (based
on pre-assigned ethnic categories) stating they belong
to the English ethnic group. The 1996 census
used a different question to both the 1991 and the
2001 censuses, which had "a tendency for respondents
to answer the 1996 question on the basis of ancestry (or
descent) rather than 'ethnicity' (or cultural
affiliation)" and reported 281,895 people with
English origins; See also the figures for 'New
Zealand European'.
-
^
"Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com.
Retrieved 8 July 2011.
-
^
"Act of Union 1707". parliament.uk.
Retrieved 26 August 2010.
-
^ "Nation",
sense 1. The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd
edtn., 1989'.
-
^
Kumar 2003, pp. 262–290
-
^
English nationalism 'threat to UK',
BBC, Sunday, 9 January 2000
-
^
The English question Handle with care,
the Economist 1 November 2007
-
^ "Ethnic
minorities feel strong sense of identity with Britain,
report reveals" Maxine Frith
The Independent 8 January 2004.
[1]; Hussain, Asifa and Millar, William Lockley
(2006) Multicultural Nationalism
Oxford University Press p149-150
[2]; "Asian recruits boost England fan army" by
Dennis Campbell,
The Guardian 18 June 2006.
[3]; "National Identity and Community in England"
(2006) Institute of Governance Briefing No.7.
[4]
-
^ "78 per
cent of
Bangladeshis said they were British, while only 5
per cent said they were English, Scottish or Welsh", and
the largest percentage of non-whites to identify as
English were the people who described their ethnicity as
"Mixed"
(37%).'Identity',
National Statistics, 21 February 2006
-
^
Scotland's Census 2001: Supporting Information (PDF;
see p. 43); see also
Philip Johnston, "Tory MP leads English protest over
census", Daily Telegraph 15 June 2006.
-
^
'Developing the Questionnaires', National Statistics
Office.
-
^ A. J. P.
Taylor, English History, 1914–1945 (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1965), p. v
-
^ Norman
Davies, The Isles (1999)[page needed]
-
^ Matthew
Parris, in The Spectator dated 18 December 2010:
“With a shrug of the shoulders, England is becoming a
nation once again”.
-
^ Michael
Jones, The End of Roman Britain, pp.8–38.
-
^ See also
"Britain AD: a quest for Arthur, England and the
Anglo-Saxons" by
Francis Pryor
-
^
Mark G. Thomas, Michael
P. H. Stumpf and Heinrich Hark.
Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in
early Anglo-Saxon England (PDF). Royal Society.
Retrieved 21 January 2010.
-
^ Andrew
Tyrrell, Corpus Saxon in Social Identity in
Early Medieval Britain by Andrew Tyrrell and William
O. Frazer (London: Leicester University Press. 2000)
-
^
Chamber's cyclopædia of English literature: a history,
critical and biographical, of authors in the English
tongue from the earliest times till the present day,
with specimens of their writings, Volume 1 Robert
Chambers, John Liddell Geddie, David Patrick, 1922.
Page.2
-
^ The
Cornish language and its literature,
Peter Berresford Ellis, Routledge, 1974
ISBN 0-7100-7928-1,
ISBN 978-0-7100-7928-2. page. 20
-
^ Catherine
Hills, The Origins of the English (London:
Duckworth, Duckworth Debates in Archaeology, 2003), p.
18,
ISBN 0-7156-3191-8
-
^
A United Kingdom? Maybe NY Times
-
^
"English and Welsh are Races Apart",
BBC, 30 June 2002
-
^ "Found:
Migrants with the Mostest", Robert Winnett and Holly
Watt,
The Sunday Times, 10 June 2006
-
^ Julie
Wheldon.
We're all Germans! (and we have been for 1,600 years),
The Daily Mail, 19 July 2006
-
^ The BBC
article claims a 50–100% "wipeout" of "indigenous
British" by Anglo-Saxon "invaders", while the
original article (Y
Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration
Michael E. Weale et al., in Molecular Biology
and Evolution 19 [2002]) claims only a 50–100%
"contribution" of "Anglo-Saxons" to the current Central
English male population, with samples deriving
only from central England; the conclusions of this study
have been questioned in Cristian Capelli, et al.,
A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles
Current Biology, 13 (2003). The Times
article reports Richard Webber's OriginsInfo
database, which does not use the word 'ethnic' and
acknowledges that its conclusions are unsafe for many
groups; see
"Investigating Customers Origins", OriginsInfo.
-
^
The archaeology of black Britain, Channel 4.
Retrieved 21 December 2009.
-
^
Gildas, The Ruin of Britain &c. (1899). pp. 4–252. The
Ruin of Britain
-
^
celtpn
-
^
Oppenheimer, S. (2006).
The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story.
London: Constable and Robinson.
ISBN 978-1-84529-158-7.
-
^ Britain
BC: Life in Britain and Ireland before the Romans by
Francis Pryor, p. 122. Harper Perennial.
ISBN 0-00-712693-X.
-
^
Todd, Malcolm.
"Anglo-Saxon Origins: The Reality of the Myth", in
Cameron, Keith. The nation: myth or reality?.
Intellect Books, 1994. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
-
^ Capelli,
C., N. Redhead, J. K. Abernethy, F. Gratrix, J. F.
Wilson, T. Moen, T. Hervig, M. Richards, M. P.H. Stumpf,
P. A. Underhill, P. Bradshaw, A. Shaha, M. G. Thomas, N.
Bradman and D. B. Goldstein
A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles
Current Biology, 13 (2003).
-
^ The Age
of Athelstan by Paul Hill (2004), Tempus Publishing.
ISBN 0-7524-2566-8
-
^
Online Etymology Dictionary by Douglas Harper
(2001),
List of sources used. Retrieved 10 July 2006.
-
^ The
Adventure of English,
Melvyn Bragg, 2003. Pg 22
-
^
Athelstan (c.895–939): Historic Figures:
BBC – History. Retrieved 30 October 2006.
-
^
The Battle of Brunanburh, 937AD by
h2g2,
BBC website. Retrieved 30 October 2006.
-
^
A. L. Rowse, The Story of Britain, Artus 1979
ISBN 0-297-83311-1
-
^
OED, 2nd edition, s.v. 'English'.
-
^
England – Plantagenet Kings
-
^
BBC – The Resurgence of English 1200 – 1400
-
^
OED, s.v. 'Englishry'.
-
^
Liberation of Ireland: Ireland on the Net
Website. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
-
^ A
History of Britain: The British Wars 1603–1776 by
Simon Schama, BBC Worldwide.
ISBN 0-563-53747-7.
-
^ The
English,
Jeremy Paxman 1998[page needed]
-
^
EJP looks back on 350 years of history of Jews in the UK:
European Jewish Press. Retrieved 21 July 2006.
-
^
Meredith on the Guillet-Thoreau Genealogy
-
^
More Britons applying for Irish passports by
Owen Bowcott The Guardian, 13 September 2006.
Retrieved 9 January 2006.
-
^
a
b
Black Presence, Asian and Black History in
Britain, 1500–1850: UK government website.
Retrieved 21 July 2006.
-
^
Fisher,
Michael Herbert (2006), Counterflows to Colonialism:
Indian Traveller and Settler in Britain 1600–1857,
Orient Blackswan, pp. 111–9, 129–30, 140, 154–6, 160–8,
172, 181,
ISBN 81-7824-154-4
-
^
Postwar immigration The National Archives Accessed
October 2006
-
^
"Ethnic minorities more likely to feel British than
white people, says research". Evening Standard.
18 February 2007.
Retrieved 18 September 2010.
-
^
a
b
"British identity: Waning". The Economist. 25
January 2007.
Retrieved 9 February 2011.
-
^
"When British isn't always best". The Guardian
(UK). 24 January 2007.
Retrieved 9 February 2011.
-
^
Hoyle, Ben (8 June 2006).
"St George unfurls his flag (made in China) once again".
The Times (UK).
Retrieved 10 February 2011.
-
^
Hickley, Matthew (23 January
2007).
"Don't call us British, we're from England".
Daily Mail (UK).
Retrieved 9 February 2011.
-
^
"The West Lothian Question". BBC News. 1 June 1998.
Retrieved 9 February 2011.
-
^
"Fresh call for English Parliament". BBC News. 24
October 2006.
Retrieved 9 February 2011.
-
^
"Welsh nod for English Parliament". BBC News. 20
December 2006.
Retrieved 9 February 2011.
-
^ Paul
Johnson is quoted by Kumar (Kumar
2003, p. 266)
-
^
Curtice, John (February
2010).
"Is an English backlash emerging? Reactions to
devolution ten years on". Institute for Public
Policy Research. p. 3.
Retrieved 9 February 2011.
-
^
Kenny, Michael; English,
Richard; Hayton, Richard (February 2008).
"Beyond the constitution? Englishness in a post-devolved
Britain". Institute for Public Policy Research. p. 3.
Retrieved 9 February 2011.
-
^
Hazell, Robert (2006).
"The English Question". Publius 36 (1):
37–56.
doi:10.1093/publius/pjj012.
-
^
Ormston, Rachel; Curtice,
John (December 2010).
"Resentment or contentment? Attitudes towards the Union
ten years on". National Centre for Social Research.
Retrieved 9 February 2011.
-
^
"'Most' support English parliament". BBC. 16 January
2007. Retrieved 9
February 2011.
-
^
Copus, Colin (2009).
"English national parties in post-devolution UK".
British Politics 4 (3): 363–385.
doi:10.1057/bp.2009.12.
-
^
"Full England scoreboard". Election 2010 (BBC
News). Retrieved 9
February 2011.
-
^
An examination of the English ancestry of George
Washington.
-
^
Scotland's Census 2001: Supporting Information (PDF;
see p. 43)
-
^
Scottish Census Results Online Browser. Retrieved 16
November 2007.
-
^
Key Statistics Report, p. 10.
-
^
Country of Birth: Proportion Born in Wales Falling,
National Statistics, 8 January 2004.
-
^
http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/PDR%202006%20Tables%2019-30.pdf
-
^
Census 2009 ACS Ancestry estimates
-
^
Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural
America By Dominic J. Pulera.
-
^ Reynolds
Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What
Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3
(August 1991), pp. 414, 421.
-
^ Stanley
Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data
to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns',
Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp.
44–6.
-
^ Stanley
Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux:
The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites',
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social
Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp.
82–86.
-
^ Mary C.
Waters, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in
America (Berkeley: University of California Press,
1990), p. 36.
-
^
US Census 2000 data, table PHC-T-43.
-
^
Data on selected ancestry groups.
-
^
1980 United States Census
-
^
Ethnic Origin
Statistics Canada
-
^ Staff.
Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and
territories – 20% sample data, Statistics Canada,
2006.
-
^ According
to
Canada's Ethnocultural Mosaic, 2006 Census,
(p.7) "...the presence of the Canadian example has led
to an increase in Canadian being reported and has had an
impact on the counts of other groups, especially for
French, English, Irish and Scottish. People who
previously reported these origins in the census had the
tendency to now report Canadian."
-
^
"End of the dream for British expats in Spain" by
Giles Tremlett. The Guardian, Friday 24 July 2009
-
^
Carr, Raymond (2003).
"invention of Great Britain, The". The Spectator.
UK.
A review of The Making of English Identity by
Krishnan Kumar
References
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