-
August
-
Five Star Movement
-
Washington Post
-
Edward Snowden
-
Language acquisition
-
British humour
-
Al Bano and Romina Power
-
Vladimir Putin
-
Artificial Intelligence
-
Artists and repertoire
-
Table tennis
-
List of Wikipedia controversies
-
Joke
-
Prince George of Cambridge
-
Giuseppe Ungaretti
-
International English
-
Mosquito
-
Flying saucer
-
Breakfast cereal
-
Bingo (UK)
-
Multilingualism
-
Religion in ancient Rome
-
Giallo
-
The Shock Doctrine
-
PDF (Portable Document Format)
-
Nazi plunder
-
Nanotechnology
-
Jennifer Lopez
-
Decline of Detroit
-
Firefox OS
-
Burj Khalifa (tallest building in the world)
|
WIKIMAG n. 9 - Agosto 2013
Decline of Detroit
Text is available under the
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional
terms may apply. See
Terms of
Use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the
Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
Traduzione
interattiva on/off
- Togli il segno di spunta per disattivarla
The
city of
Detroit has gone through a major economic and demographic decline in
recent decades. The
population of the city has fallen from a high of 1,850,000 in 1950
to 701,000 in 2013. The automobile industry in Detroit has suffered from
global competition and has moved much of the remaining production out of
Detroit. Some of the
highest crime rates in the United States are now occurring in
Detroit, and huge areas of the city are in a state of severe
urban decay. In 2013, Detroit filed the
largest municipal bankruptcy case in U.S. history.[1][2]
Contributors
to decline
The
deindustrialization of Detroit has been a major factor in the
population decline of the city.[3]
Automobile
industry
Neo-Marxist economist
Richard D. Wolff writes that Detroit's automobile industry failures
in the global economy are a major factor in Detroit's decline. He says
that the car companies failed to anticipate changing consumer
requirements in the 1970s, and that they sought ways to undermine gains
made by the Detroit-based labor force, represented by the
United Automobile Workers union. Automobile company leadership
(shareholders and directors) decided to move production away from
Detroit because of lower wages found elsewhere; this critically hurt
Detroit. Wolff writes that US auto worker wages have not increased in
real buying power since the 1970s, but that production has increased,
yielding greater profits which are not shared with the worker. In 2007,
the union accepted wage cuts, adopting a
two-tier system. During the global
automotive industry crisis of 2008–10, the US government gave $17.4
billion to
Chrysler and
General Motors to bail them out, but the city of Detroit was not
similarly aided. Wolff says that Detroit served as a success story for
capitalism in the 1950s and '60s, but in the next four decades,
capitalism was responsible for the city's deep decline.[4]
People in well-off suburban areas also made it impossible for Detroit
to expand via annexation by incorporating unannexable
charter townships with as few as 750 residents all around the city.
As a result the Detroit Metro area has 330 local governments.[5]
1950s job losses
In the postwar period, the city had lost nearly 150,000 jobs to the
suburbs. Factors were a combination of changes in technology, increased
automation, consolidation of the auto industry, taxation policies, the
need for different kinds of manufacturing space, and the construction of
the highway system that eased transportation. Major companies like
Packard,
Hudson, and
Studebaker, as well as hundreds of smaller companies, declined
significantly or went out of business entirely. In the 1950s, the
unemployment rate hovered near 10 percent.
1950s to 1960s freeway construction
Freeway construction in the 1950s and 1960s cut through the most
densely populated black neighborhoods of Detroit. The demolition of
buildings in Lower East Side, Lower West Side, Paradise Valley, and the
Hastings Street business district, and the subsequent physical
barriers caused by the freeways, split and reduced the thriving
neighborhoods. In the 1950s, 2800 buildings were removed just for the
Edsel Ford Expressway, including jazz nightclubs, churches,
community buildings, businesses and homes.[6]
1967 Detroit riot
The summer of 1967 saw five days of black riots in Detroit.[7][8]
Over the period of five days, forty-three people died, of whom 33 were
black and ten white. There were 467 injured: 182 civilians, 167 Detroit
police officers, 83 Detroit firefighters, 17 National Guard troops, 16
State Police officers, 3 U.S. Army soldiers.
2,509 stores looted or burned, 388 families rendered homeless or
displaced and 412 buildings burned or damaged enough to be demolished.
Dollar losses from arson and looting ranged from $40 million to $80
million.[9]
Economic and social fallout of the 1967 riots
Per capita income in Detroit and surrounding region from the
2000 census. The dotted line represents the city boundary.
After the riots, thousands of small businesses closed permanently or
relocated to safer neighborhoods, and the affected district lay in ruins
for decades.[10]
Of the 1967 riots, politician
Coleman Young, Detroit's first black mayor, wrote in 1994:
The heaviest casualty, however, was the city. Detroit's losses
went a hell of a lot deeper than the immediate toll of lives and
buildings. The riot put Detroit on the fast track to economic
desolation, mugging the city and making off with incalculable
value in jobs, earnings taxes, corporate taxes, retail dollars,
sales taxes, mortgages, interest, property taxes, development
dollars, investment dollars, tourism dollars, and plain damn
money. The money was carried out in the pockets of the
businesses and the white people who fled as fast as they could.
The white exodus from Detroit had been prodigiously steady prior
to the riot, totally twenty-two thousand in 1966, but afterwards
it was frantic. In 1967, with less than half the year remaining
after the summer explosion—the outward population migration
reached sixty-seven thousand. In 1968 the figure hit
eighty-thousand, followed by forty-six thousand in 1969. [8]
According to the black conservative
economist
Thomas Sowell:
Before the ghetto riot of 1967, Detroit's black population had
the highest rate of home-ownership of any black urban population in
the country, and their unemployment rate was just 3.4 percent. It
was not despair that fueled the riot. It was the riot which marked
the beginning of the decline of Detroit to its current state of
despair. Detroit's population today is only half of what it once
was, and its most productive people have been the ones who fled.[7]
1970s and 1980s
The 1970 census showed that whites still made up a majority of
Detroit's population. However, by the 1980 census, whites had fled at
such a large rate that the city had gone from 55 percent white to only
34 percent white in a decade.
Economist
Walter E. Williams writes that the decline was sparked by race-based
city policies which caused more affluent whites to leave the city
(sometimes known as "White
flight"), reducing the tax base, and leading to fewer employment
opportunities and customers in the city.[11]
The departure of middle class whites left blacks in control of a city
suffering from an inadequate tax base, too few jobs, and swollen welfare
rolls.[12]
According to Chafets, "Among the nation’s major cities, Detroit was at
or near the top of unemployment, poverty per capita, and infant
mortality throughout the 1980s."[13]
Detroit became notorious for violent crime in the 1970s and 1980s.
Dozens of violent black street gangs gained control of the city's large
drug trade, which began with the heroin epidemic of the 1970s and grew
into the larger
crack cocaine epidemic of the 1980s and early 1990s. There were
numerous major criminal gangs that were founded in Detroit and dominated
the drug trade at various times; most were short-lived. They included
The
Errol Flynns (east side), Nasty Flynns (later the NF Bangers) and
Black Killers and the drug consortiums of the 1980s such as
Young Boys Inc., Pony Down, Best Friends,
Black Mafia Family and the
Chambers Brothers.[14]
The Young Boys were innovative, opening franchises in other cities,
using youth too young to be prosecuted, promoting brand names, and
unleashing extreme brutality to frighten away rivals.[15]
Several times during the 1970s and 1980s Detroit was named the arson
capital of America, and repeatedly the murder capital of America. Often
Detroit was listed by FBI crime statistics as the "most dangerous city
in America" during this time. Crime rates in Detroit peaked in 1991 at
more than 2,700 violent crimes per 100,000 people.[16]
Population decline left abandoned buildings that have become magnets for
drugs, arson, and other crime. Such violent crimes has also pushed
tourism
away from the city, and several foreign countries even issued travel
warnings to the city.[16]
Around
Halloween, a traditional day for pranks in late October, Detroit
youth went on a rampage called "Devil's
Night" in the 1980s. A tradition of light-hearted minor vandalism,
such as soaping windows, had emerged in the 1930s, but by the 1980s it
had become, said Mayor Young, "a vision from hell."[17]
The arson primarily took place in the inner city, but surrounding
suburbs were often affected as well. The crimes became increasingly
destructive. Over 800 fires were set in the peak year 1984, overwhelming
the city's fire department. Hundreds of vacant homes across the city
were set ablaze. In later years, the arson continued, but the number of
fires was reduced by razing thousands of abandoned houses that often
were used to sell drugs—5000 in 1989-90 alone. Every year the city
mobilizes "Angel's Night," with tens of thousands of volunteers
patrolling areas at high risk.[18][19]
Problems
Population decline
As Detroit's abandoned houses have been demolished, gaps in
the previously urban environment have emerged, which is
sometimes called
urban prairie.
Long a major population center, Detroit has been going through a
major reduction in population; the city has lost about 60% of its
population since 1950.[20]
A Michigan web site compares Youngstown, Ohio to Detroit on a much
smaller scale due to its
own economic problems.[21]
Detroit reached its population peak in the 1950 census at over 1.8
million people, and decreased in population with each subsequent census;
as of the 2010 census, the city has just over 700,000 residents, adding
up to a total loss of 60% of the population.[22][23]
A major change in the racial composition of the city also occurred
over that same period; from 1950 to 2010 the black/white percentage of
population went from 16.2%/83.6% to 82.7%/10.6%.[24]
Approximately 1,400,000 of the 1,600,000 white people in Detroit after
World War II have left the city, with many going to the suburbs.[25]
Unemployment
According to the U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics,
of the 50 largest cities in the country, Detroit has the highest
unemployment rate, at 23.1%.[26]
Poverty
The U.S. Census Bureau's Statistical Abstract of the United
States: 2012 ranks Detroit last among all 71 U.S. cities for which
rates were calculated in percentage of the city's population living
below the poverty level. The individual rate living below the poverty
level is 36.4%; the family rate is 31.3%.[27]
Urban decay
A significant percentage of housing parcels in the city are vacant,
with abandoned lots making up more than half of total residential lots
in many large portions of the city.[28]
With at least 70,000 abandoned buildings, 31,000 empty houses, and
90,000 vacant lots, Detroit has become notorious for its
urban blight.[29][30]
Detroit has been described by some as a
ghost town.[30][31]
Parts of the city are so thoroughly abandoned they have been described
as looking like farmland or even completely wild.[25]
In 2010 Mayor Bing put forth a plan to bulldoze one fourth of the
city.[32]
The plan was to concentrate Detroit's remaining population into certain
areas to improve the delivery of essential city services, which the city
has had significant difficulty providing (policing, fire protection,
schooling, trash removal, snow removal, lighting, etc).[30]
In February 2013 the
Detroit Free Press reported the Mayor's plan to accelerate the
program.[33]
The project has hopes "for federal funding to replicate it [the
bulldozing plan] across the city to tackle Detroit’s problems with tens
of thousands of abandoned and blighted homes and buildings." Bing said
the project aims "to rightsize the city’s resources to reflect its
smaller population."
The average price of homes sold in Detroit in 2012 was $7,500; as of
January 2013 47 houses in Detroit were listed for $500 or less, with
five properties listed for $1.[31]
Despite the extremely low price of Detroit properties, most of the
properties have been on the market for more than a year as buyers balk
at the boarded up, abandoned houses of Detroit.[31]
The Detroit News reported that more than half of Detroit
property owners did not pay taxes in 2012, at a loss to the city of $131
million (equal to 12% of the city's general fund budget).[34]
Crime
Detroit has some of the highest crime rates in the United States,
with a rate of 62.18 per 1,000 residents for property crimes, and 16.73
per 1,000 for violent crimes (compared to national figures of 32 per
1,000 for property crimes and 5 per 1,000 for violent crime in 2008).[35]
Nearly two-thirds of all murders in Michigan in 2008 occurred in
Detroit.[36][not
in citation given] A 2012 Forbes report named
Detroit as the most dangerous city in the United States for the fourth
year in a row. It cited
FBI survey data that found that the city's metropolitan area had a
significant rate of violent crimes: murder and non-negligent
manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.[37][38]
According to Detroit officials in 2007, about 65 to 70 percent of
homicides in the city were drug related.[39]
The rate of unsolved murders in the city is at roughly 70%.[40]
City finances
On March 1, 2013,
Governor
Rick Snyder announced the state was taking over the financial
control of the city from the local government.[41]
The state is requesting a review team to look over the financial state
of the city and determine if an emergency manager is needed to take over
control of city spending from city council.[41]
On March 14, 2013, Michigan's Local Emergency Financial Assistance
Loan Board (ELB) appointed an emergency financial manager,
Kevyn
Orr, effective on March 25, 2013.[42]
In mid-May 2013, Orr released his first report on Detroit’s finances
since he took the job.[43][44]
The results were generally negative regarding Detroit’s financial
health.[43][44]
The report said that Detroit is "clearly
insolvent on a cash flow basis."[45]
The report said that Detroit will finish its current budget year with a
$162 million cash-flow shortfall[43][44]
and that the projected budget deficit is expected to reach $386 million
in less than two months.[43]
The report said that costs for retiree benefits are eating up a third of
Detroit’s budget and that public services are suffering as Detroit's
revenues and population shrink each year.[44]
The report wasn't intended to offer a complete blueprint for Orr's plans
for fixing the crisis; more details about those plans are expected to
emerge within a few months.[44]
After several months of negotiations, Orr was ultimately unable to
come to a deal with Detroit's creditors, unions, and pension boards[1]
and therefore filed for
Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection in the Eastern District of Michigan
U.S. Bankruptcy Court on July 18, 2013.[46]
On July 18, 2013, Detroit filed for
Chapter 9 municipal bankruptcy, the largest U.S. city ever to do so,
with outstanding financial obligations to more than 100,000 creditors
totaling approximately $18.5 billion.[47]
See also
References
-
^
a
b
Williams, Corey (July 19, 2013).
"In Despair, Detroit Files for Bankruptcy" (PDF). The
Express (Washington, DC). Associated Press. p. 3.
Retrieved July 19, 2013.
-
^
Creditors to fight Detroit insolvency claim The Detroit
News, July 18, 2013
-
^
Hardesty, Nicole (March 23, 2011).
"Haunting Images Of Detroit's Decline (Photos)". The
Huffington Post. Retrieved
February 10, 2013.
-
^
Wolff, Richard D. (July 23, 2013).
"Detroit's decline is a distinctively capitalist failure".
The Guardian.
-
^
Jacobs (editor), Andrew James
(2012). The World's Cities: Contrasting Regional, National,
and Global Perspectives. Routledge. p. 157.
ISBN 978-0415894852.
-
^
Sugrue, Thomas J. (2005).
The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar
Detroit. Princeton University Press. pp. 47–49.
ISBN 9780691121864.
-
^
a
b
Sowell, Thomas (2011-03-29)
Voting With Their Feet,
LewRockwell.com
-
^
a
b
Young, Coleman. Hard Stuff: The
Autobiography of Mayor Coleman Young: p.179.
-
^
"Michigan State Insurance Commission estimate of December, 1967,
quoted in the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders
AKA Kerner Report". 1968-02-09.
Archived from the original on June 5, 2011.
Retrieved 2011-04-24.
-
^ Sidney Fine,
Violence in the Model City: The Cavanaugh Administration, Race
Relations, and the Detroit Riot of 1967 (1989)
-
^
Williams, Walter (December 18, 2012).
"Detroit's Tragic Decline Is Largely Due To Its Own Race-Based
Policies". Investor's Business Daily.
Retrieved February 10, 2013.
-
^ Heather Ann
Thompson, "Rethinking the politics of white flight in the
postwar city," Journal of Urban History (1999) 25#2 pp
163-98
online
-
^ Z’ev Chafets, "The
Tragedy of Detroit," New York Times Magazine July 29,
1990, p 23, reprinted in Chafets, Devil's Night: And Other
True Tales of Detroit (1991).
-
^
Carl S. Taylor (1993).
Girls, gangs, women, and drugs. Michigan State
University Press. p. 44.
-
^
Ron Chepesiuk (1999).
The War on Drugs: An International Encyclopedia.
ABC-CLIO. p. 269.
-
^
a
b
Wayne University Center for Urban Studies, October 2005
-
^ Coleman Young and
Lonnie Wheeler, Hard Stuff: The Autobiography of Mayor
Coleman Young (1994) p 282
-
^
Nicholas Rogers (2002).
Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford
University Press. pp. 98–102.
-
^ Zev Chafets,
Devil's Night and Other True Tales of Detroit (1990) ch 1
-
^
Angelova, Kamelia (October 2, 2012).
"Bleak Photos Capture The Fall Of Detroit". Business Insider.
Retrieved February 10, 2013.
-
^
Downsizing Detroit: Youngstown 2010 may foreshadow Detroit circa
2020. MLive.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-23.
-
^
Seelye, Katherine Q. (March 22,
2011).
"Detroit Census Confirms a Desertion Like No Other". The
New York Times. Retrieved
March 23, 2011.
-
^
"Derelict Detroit: Gloomy pictures chart the 25-year decline of
America's Motor City". Daily Mail. October 1, 2012.
Retrieved February 10, 2013.
-
^
Johnson, Richard (February 1, 2013).
"Graphic: Detroit Then and Now". National Post.
Retrieved April 1, 2013.
- ^
a
b
Eagleton, Terry (July 2007).
"Detroit Arcadia". Harpers.org.
Retrieved April 1, 2013.
-
^
"Local Area Unemployment Statistics; Unemployment Rates for the
50 Largest Cities". U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor
Statistics. April 19, 2013.
Retrieved July 24, 2013.
-
^
"Table 708. U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the
United States: 2012". U.S. Census Bureau. April 19, 2013.
Retrieved July 24, 2013.
-
^
"Detroit Residential Parcel Survey". Detroit Residential
Parcel Survey. February 2010. p. 26.
Retrieved April 1, 2013.
-
^
Binelli, Mark (2012-11-09).
"How Detroit Became the World Capital of Staring at Abandoned
Old Buildings". The New York Times.
- ^
a
b
c
Brook,
Pete (2012-01-29).
"Captivating Photos of Detroit Delve Deep to Reveal a Beautiful,
Struggling City". Wired.
-
^
a
b
c
Koremans, Sonja (January 22, 2013).
"Homes still selling for $1 in Detroit". The Courier-Mail.
Retrieved April 1, 2013.
-
^
"The Mayor Of Detroit’s Radical Plan To Bulldoze One Quarter Of
The City". Business Insider. March 10, 2010.
Retrieved July 23, 2013.
-
^
"Bing unveils Pulte partnership to tear down abandoned homes,
buildings". Detroit Free Press. February 14, 2013.
Retrieved July 23, 2013.
-
^
"Half of Detroit property owners don't pay taxes". The
Detroit News. February 21, 2013.
Retrieved July 23, 2013.
-
^
"Detroit crime rates and statistics". Neighborhood Scout.
Retrieved July 1, 2010.
-
^
"Offenses Known to Law Enforcement by State by City, 2008".
Fbi.gov. 2009. Retrieved
2013-02-06.
-
^
Fisher, Daniel (October 18, 2012).
"Detroit Tops The 2012 List Of America's Most Dangerous Cities".
Forbes. Retrieved April 1,
2013.
-
^
"Detroit is "Most Dangerous City in America" for fourth year in
a row, Forbes report says". CBS News. October 22, 2012.
Retrieved April 1, 2013.
-
^
Shelton, Steve Malik (January 30,
2008).
"Top cop urges vigilance against crime". Michigan Chronicle.
Archived from
the original on 2008-08-02.
Retrieved March 31, 2013.
-
^
Huey, John (Sept. 24, 2009).
"Assignment Detroit: Why Time Inc. Is in Motown". Time.com.
Retrieved 2012-12-09.
- ^
a
b
"Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder takes over Detroit's finances amid
financial emergency". CTV News. February 20, 2013.
Retrieved April 1, 2013.
-
^
"Snyder confirms financial emergency in Detroit, turnaround
expert Kevyn Orr appointed EFM". michigan.gov. March 14,
2013. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
-
^
a
b
c
d
"Report by emergency manager says Detroit's finances are
crumbling, future is bleak". Fox News. May 13, 2013.
Retrieved May 15, 2013.
-
^
a
b
c
d
e
Helms,
Matt; Guillen, Joe (May 13, 2013).
"Financial manager: Detroit 'dysfunctional, wasteful'". USA
Today. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
-
^
"Detroit 'clearly insolvent', says emergency manager". BBC.
May 13, 2013. Retrieved May
15, 2013.
-
^
"City of Detroit Bankruptcy Filing". Eastern District of
Michigan U.S. Bankruptcy Court. July 18, 2013.
Retrieved July 19, 2013.
-
^
Nancy Kaffer, Stephen Henderson and
Matt Helms (July 18, 2013).
"Detroit files for bankruptcy protection".
USA Today. Retrieved
July 18, 2013.
External Links
|
|
1)
scrivi
le parole inglesi dentro la
striscia gialla 2)
seleziona il testo 3)
clicca "Ascolta il testo"
DA INGLESE A ITALIANO
Inserire
nella casella Traduci la parola
INGLESE e cliccare
Go.
DA ITALIANO A INGLESE
Impostare INGLESE anziché italiano e
ripetere la procedura descritta.
|
|