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Burj Khalifa (tallest building in the world)
|
WIKIMAG n. 9 - Agosto 2013
Burj Khalifa (tallest
building in the world)
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Burj Khalifa |
برج خليفة |
|
Former names |
Burj Dubai |
|
Record height |
Tallest in the world
since 2010[I] |
Preceded by |
Taipei 101 |
General information |
Status |
Complete |
Type |
Mixed-use |
Location |
Dubai,
United Arab Emirates |
Coordinates |
25°11′49.7″N
55°16′26.8″ECoordinates:
25°11′49.7″N
55°16′26.8″E |
Construction started |
January 2004 |
Completed |
2010 |
Opening |
4 January 2010[1] |
Cost |
USD $ 1.5 billion[2] |
Height |
Architectural |
828 m (2,717 ft)[3] |
Tip |
829.8 m (2,722 ft)[3] |
Roof |
828 m (2,717 ft)[3] |
Top floor |
584.5 m (1,918 ft)[3] |
Observatory |
452.1 m (1,483 ft)[3] |
Technical details |
Floor count |
163
floors[3][4]
plus 46 maintenance levels in the spire[5]
and 2 parking levels in the basement |
Floor area |
309,473 m2 (3,331,100 sq ft)[3] |
Design and construction |
Architect |
Adrian Smith at SOM |
Developer |
Emaar Properties[3] |
Structural engineer |
Bill Baker at
SOM[6] |
Main contractor |
Samsung Engineering and Construction Company,
Besix
and
Arabtec
Supervision Consultant Engineer & Architect of Record
Hyder Consulting
Construction Project Manager
Turner Construction
Grocon[7]
Planning
Bauer AG and
Middle East Foundations[7]
Lift contractor
Otis[7]
VT consultant
Lerch Bates[7] |
Website |
www.burjkhalifa.ae |
Burj Khalifa (Arabic:
برج
خليفة, "Khalifa tower"), known as Burj Dubai prior to its
inauguration, is a
skyscraper in
Dubai,
United Arab Emirates, and is the
tallest man-made structure in the world, at 829.8 m (2,722 ft).[3][8]
Construction began on 21 September 2004, with the exterior of the
structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on
4 January 2010,[1][9]
and is part of the new 2 km2 (490-acre) development called
Downtown Dubai at the 'First Interchange' along
Sheikh Zayed Road, near Dubai's main business district. The tower's
architecture and engineering were performed by
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill of
Chicago,
with
Adrian Smith as chief architect, and
Bill Baker as chief structural engineer.[10][11]
The primary contractor was
Samsung C&T of
South Korea.[12]
In March 2009,
Mohamed Ali Alabbar, chairman of the project's developer,
Emaar Properties, said office space pricing at Burj Khalifa reached
US$4,000 per sq ft (over US$43,000 per m²) and the
Armani Residences, also in Burj Khalifa, sold for US$3,500 per sq ft
(over US$37,500 per m²).[13]
He estimated the total cost for the project to be about US$1.5 billion.[2]
The project's completion coincided with the global
financial crisis of 2007–2012, and with vast overbuilding in the
country; this led to high vacancies and foreclosures.[14]
With Dubai mired in debt from its huge ambitions, the government was
forced to seek multibillion dollar bailouts from its oil-rich neighbor
Abu
Dhabi. Subsequently, in a surprise move at its opening ceremony, the
tower was renamed Burj Khalifa, said to honour the UAE President
Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan for his crucial support.[8][15]
Because of the
slumping demand in Dubai's property market, the rents in the Burj
Khalifa plummeted 40% some ten months after its opening. Out of 900
apartments in the tower, 825 were still empty at that time.[16][17]
However, over the next two and a half years, overseas investors steadily
began to purchase the available apartments and office space in Burj
Khalifa.[18]
By October 2012, Emaar reported that around 80% of the apartments were
occupied.[19]
Conception
Burj Khalifa was designed to be the centerpiece of a large-scale,
mixed-use development that would include 30,000 homes, nine hotels
(including
The Address Downtown Dubai), 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at
least 19 residential towers, the
Dubai Mall, and the 12-hectare (30-acre) man-made Burj Khalifa Lake.
The building has returned the location of Earth's tallest
freestanding structure to the Middle East, where the
Great Pyramid of Giza claimed this achievement for almost four
millennia before being surpassed in 1311 by
Lincoln Cathedral in England.
The decision to build Burj Khalifa is reportedly based on the
government's decision to diversify from an oil based economy to one that
is service and tourism based. According to officials, it is necessary
for projects like Burj Khalifa to be built in the city to garner more
international recognition, and hence investment. "He (Sheikh
Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum) wanted to put Dubai on the map with
something really sensational," said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP
delegations executive at
Nakheel Properties.[20]
Height
Records
- Tallest existing structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously
KVLY-TV mast – 628.8 m or 2,063 ft)
- Tallest structure ever built: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously
Warsaw radio mast – 646.38 m or 2,121 ft)
- Tallest freestanding structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously
CN
Tower – 553.3 m or 1,815 ft)
- Tallest skyscraper (to top of
spire):
829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously
Taipei 101 – 509.2 m or 1,671 ft)
- Tallest skyscraper to top of antenna: 829.8 m (2,722 ft)
(previously the
Willis (formerly Sears) Tower – 527 m or 1,729 ft)
- Building with most
floors:
163 (previously
World Trade Center – 110)[21]
- Building with world's highest occupied floor[22]
- World's highest
elevator installation (situated inside a rod at the very top of
the building)[23]
- World's longest travel distance elevators: 504m (1,654 ft)[23][24]
- Highest vertical
concrete pumping (for a building): 606 m (1,988 ft)[25]
-
World's tallest structure that includes residential space[26]
- World's second highest outdoor
observation deck: 124th floor at 452 m (1,483 ft)[27][28]
When it first opened, the observation deck was the highest outdoor
observation deck in the World, but it has since been surpassed by
Cloud Top 488 on top of
Canton Tower.[29]
- World's highest installation of an
aluminium and glass façade: 512 m (1,680 ft)[30]
- World's highest
nightclub: 144th floor[31]
- World's highest
restaurant (At.mosphere): 122nd floor at 442 m (1,450 ft)
(previously 360, at a height of 350 m (1,148 ft) in CN Tower)[32][33]
- World's highest
New
Year display of
fireworks.[34]
- World's second highest
swimming pool: 76th floor[35]
(world's highest swimming pool is located on 118th floor of
Ritz-Carlton Hotel at
International Commerce Centre,
Hong Kong).
History
of height increases
Burj Khalifa compared with some other well-known tall
structures
There are unconfirmed reports of several planned height increases
since its inception. Originally proposed as a virtual clone of the 560 m
(1,837 ft)
Grollo Tower proposal for Melbourne, Australia's
Docklands waterfront development, the tower was redesigned by
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM).[36]
Marshall Strabala, an SOM architect who worked on the project until
2006, in late 2008 said that Burj Khalifa was designed to be 808 m
(2,651 ft) tall.[37]
The design architect, Adrian Smith, felt that the uppermost section
of the building did not culminate elegantly with the rest of the
structure, so he sought and received approval to increase it to the
current height.[citation
needed] It has been explicitly stated that this
change did not include any added floors, which is fitting with Smith's
attempts to make the crown more slender.[38]
Delay
Emaar Properties announced on 9 June 2008 that construction of Burj
Khalifa was delayed by upgraded finishes and would be completed only in
September 2009.[39]
An Emaar spokesperson said "The luxury finishes that were decided on in
2004, when the tower was initially conceptualized, is now being replaced
by upgraded finishes. The design of the apartments has also been
enhanced to make them more aesthetically attractive and functionally
superior."[40]
A revised completion date of 2 December 2009 was then announced.[41]
However, Burj Khalifa was opened on 4 January 2010, more than a month
later.[1][9]
Architecture
and design
Cross-section comparisons
The tower was designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, who also
designed the
Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) in
Chicago
and the new
One World Trade Center in New York City. The Burj Khalifa uses the
bundled
tube design,[42][43]
invented by
Fazlur Rahman Khan. Proportionally, the design uses half the amount
of steel used in the construction of the Empire State Building thanks to
the tubular system.[42][44]
Its design is reminiscent of
Frank Lloyd Wright's vision for
The Illinois, a mile high skyscraper designed for Chicago. According
to Marshall Strabala, an SOM architect who worked on the building's
design team, Burj Khalifa was designed based on the 73 floor
Tower Palace Three, an all residential building in
Seoul. In
its early planning, Burj Khalifa was intended to be entirely
residential.[37]
Subsequent to the original design by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill,
Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting to be the supervising engineer
with NORR Group Consultants International Limited chosen to supervise
the architecture of the project.[45]
Hyder was selected for its expertise in structural and
MEP (mechanical, electrical and plumbing) engineering.[46]
Hyder Consulting's role was to supervise construction, certify SOM's
design, and be the engineer and architect of record to the UAE
authorities.[45]
NORR's role was the supervision of all architectural components
including on site supervision during construction and design of a
6-storey addition to the Office Annex Building for architectural
documentation. NORR was also responsible for the architectural
integration drawings for the Armani Hotel included in the Tower. Emaar
Properties also engaged
GHD,[47]
an international multidisciplinary consulting firm, to act as an
independent verification and testing authority for concrete and
steelwork.
The design of Burj Khalifa is derived from patterning systems
embodied in
Islamic architecture.[23]
According to the structural engineer, Bill Baker of SOM, the building's
design incorporates cultural and historical elements particular to the
region such as the spiral minaret. The spiral minaret spirals and grows
slender as it rises.[14]
The Y-shaped plan is ideal for residential and hotel usage, with the
wings allowing maximum outward views and inward natural light.[23]
As the tower rises from the flat desert base, there are 27
setbacks in a spiralling pattern, decreasing the cross section of
the tower as it reaches toward the sky and creating convenient outdoor
terraces. At the top, the central core emerges and is sculpted to form a
finishing spire. At its tallest point, the tower sways a total of 1.5 m
(4.9 ft).[48]
To support the unprecedented height of the building, the engineers
developed a new structural system called the buttressed core, which
consists of a hexagonal core reinforced by three buttresses that form
the ‘Y' shape. This structural system enables the building to support
itself laterally and keeps it from twisting.[23]
The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000 tonnes
(4,400 short tons; 3,900 long tons) of structural steel. The central
pinnacle pipe weighing 350 tonnes (390 short tons; 340 long tons) was
constructed from inside the building and jacked to its full height of
over 200 m (660 ft) using a
strand jack system. The spire also houses communications equipment.[49]
In 2009, architects announced that more than 1,000 pieces of art
would adorn the interiors of Burj Khalifa, while the residential lobby
of Burj Khalifa would display the work of
Jaume Plensa, featuring 196
bronze
and brass
alloy cymbals representing the 196 countries of the world.[50]
It was planned that the visitors in this lobby would be able to hear a
distinct timbre as the cymbals, plated with 18-carat gold, are struck by
dripping water, intended to mimic the sound of water falling on leaves.[51]
The exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa consists of 142,000 m2
(1,528,000 sq ft) of reflective
glazing,
and aluminium and textured
stainless steel
spandrel panels with vertical tubular fins. The cladding system is
designed to withstand Dubai's extreme summer temperatures. Additionally,
the exterior temperature at the top of the building is thought to be 6
°C (11 °F) cooler than at its base.[52]
Over 26,000 glass panels were used in the exterior cladding of Burj
Khalifa. Over 300 cladding specialists from China were brought in for
the cladding work on the tower.[49]
A 304-room Armani Hotel, the first of four by
Armani,
occupies 15 of the lower 39 floors.[3][53]
The hotel was supposed to open on 18 March 2010,[54][55]
but after several delays, it finally opened to the public on 27 April
2010.[56]
The corporate suites and offices were also supposed to open from March
onwards,[57]
yet the hotel and observation deck remained the only parts of the
building which were open in April 2010.
The
sky
lobbies on the 43rd and 76th floors house swimming pools.[58]
Floors through to 108 have 900 private residential
apartments (which, according to the developer, sold out within eight
hours of being on the market). An outdoor
zero-entry swimming pool is located on the 76th floor of the tower.
Corporate offices and suites fill most of the remaining floors, except
for a 122nd, 123rd and 124th floor where the At.mosphere
restaurant, sky lobby and an indoor and outdoor observation deck is
located respectively. In January 2010, it was planned that Burj Khalifa
would receive its first residents from February 2010.[58][59]
Burj Khalifa can accommodate up to 35,000 people at any one time.[23][60]
A total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators are installed.[49]
The elevators have a capacity of 12 to 14 people per cabin, the fastest
rising and descending at up to 10 m/s (33 ft/s) for double-deck
elevators.[23][61]
However, the world's fastest single-deck elevator still belongs to
Taipei 101 at 16.83 m/s (55.2 ft/s). Engineers had considered
installing the world's first triple-deck elevators, but the final design
calls for
double-deck elevators.[26]
The double-deck elevators are equipped with entertainment features such
as LCD displays to serve visitors during their travel to the observation
deck.[62]
The building has 2,909 stairs from the ground floor to the 160th floor.[63]
The graphic design identity work for Burj Khalifa is the
responsibility of
Brash Brands, who are based in Dubai. Design of the global launch
events, communications, and visitors centers[64]
for Burj Khalifa have also been created by
Brash Brands as well as the roadshow exhibition for the
Armani
Residences, which are part of the Armani Hotel within Burj Khalifa,
which toured Milan, London, Jeddah, Moscow and Delhi.[65]
Plumbing systems
The Burj Khalifa's water system supplies an average of 946,000 l
(250,000 US gal) of water per day through 100 km (62 mi) of pipes.[23][66]
An additional 213 km (132 mi) of piping serves the fire emergency
system, and 34 km (21 mi) supplies chilled water for the air
conditioning system.[66]
The waste water system uses gravity to discharge water from plumbing
fixtures, floor drains, mechanical equipment and storm water, to the
city municipal sewer.[67]
Air conditioning
The air conditioning system draws air from the upper floors where the
air is cooler and cleaner than on the ground.[68]
At peak cooling times, the tower's cooling is equivalent to that
provided by 13,000 t (29,000,000 lb) of melting ice in one day.[66]
The condensate collection system, which uses the hot and humid outside
air, combined with the cooling requirements of the building, results in
a significant amount of condensation of moisture from the air. The
condensed water is collected and drained into a holding tank located in
the basement car park; this water is then pumped into the site
irrigation system for use on the Burj Khalifa park.[23]
Window cleaning
To wash the 24,348 windows, totaling 120,000 m2
(1,290,000 sq ft) of glass,[69]
a horizontal track has been installed on the exterior of Burj Khalifa at
levels 40, 73, and 109. Each track holds a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) bucket
machine which moves horizontally and then vertically using heavy cables.
Above level 109, up to tier 27 traditional cradles from
davits
are used. The top of the spire, however, is reserved for specialist
window cleaners, who brave the heights and high winds dangling by ropes
to clean and inspect the top of the pinnacle.[70]
Under normal conditions, when all building maintenance units will be
operational, it will take 36 workers three to four months to clean the
entire exterior façade.[49][71]
Unmanned machines will clean the top 27 additional tiers and the
glass spire. The cleaning system was developed in Melbourne, Australia
at a cost of
A$8 million.[71]
The contract for building the state-of-the-art machines was won by
Australian company
Cox Gomyl.[69]
Features
The Dubai Fountain
Outside,
WET Enterprises designed a fountain system at a cost of
Dh 800 million (US$217 million). Illuminated by 6,600 lights and 50
coloured projectors, it is 275 m (902 ft) long and shoots water 150 m
(490 ft) into the air, accompanied by a range of classical to
contemporary Arabic and world music.[72]
On 26 October 2008, Emaar announced that based on results of a naming
contest the fountain would be called the Dubai Fountain.[73]
View from the observation deck looking north
Observation deck
View from the observation deck
An outdoor
observation deck, named At the Top, opened on 5 January 2010
on the 124th floor.[74]
It is the third-highest observation deck in the world and the
second-highest outdoor observation deck in the world, at 452 m
(1,483 ft).[29]
The observation deck also features the Behold Telescope, an
augmented reality device developed by
gsmprjct° of
Montréal, which allows visitors to view the surrounding landscape in
real-time, and to view previously saved images such as those taken at
different times of day or under different weather conditions.[75][76]
To manage the daily rush of sightseers, visitors are able to purchase
tickets in advance for a specific date and time and at a 75% discount
over tickets purchased on the spot.[77]
On 8 February 2010, the observation deck was closed to the public
after power-supply problems caused an elevator to become stuck between
floors, trapping a group of tourists for 45 minutes.[78][79]
Despite rumours of the observation deck reopening for
St. Valentine's Day (14 February),[80]
it remained closed until 4 April 2010.[81][82][83]
Burj Khalifa park
Burj Khalifa is surrounded by an 11 ha (27-acre) park designed by
landscape architects SWA Group.[84]
The design of the park is also inspired by the core design concepts of
Burj Khalifa which is based on the symmetries of the desert flower,
Hymenocallis.[85]
The park has six water features, gardens, palm lined walkways, and
flowering trees.[86]
At the centre of the park and the base of Burj Khalifa is the water
room, which is a series of pools and water jet fountains. In addition
the railing, benches and signs incorporate images of Burj Khalifa and
the Hymenocallis flower.
The plants and the
shrubbery will be watered by the buildings's condensation collection
system that uses water from the cooling system. The system will provide
68,000,000 L (15,000,000 imp gal) annually.[86]
WET Enterprises, who also developed the
Dubai Fountain, developed the park's six water features.[87]
Floor plans
The following is a breakdown of floors.[49][88]
Floors |
Use |
160 and above |
Mechanical |
|
156–159 |
Communication and broadcast |
155 |
Mechanical |
139–154 |
Corporate suites |
136–138 |
Mechanical |
125–135 |
Corporate suites |
124 |
At the Top observatory |
123 |
Sky lobby |
122 |
At.mosphere restaurant |
111–121 |
Corporate suites |
109–110 |
Mechanical |
77–108 |
Residential |
76 |
Sky lobby |
73–75 |
Mechanical |
44–72 |
Residential |
43 |
Sky lobby |
40–42 |
Mechanical |
38–39 |
Armani Hotel suites |
19–37 |
Residential |
17–18 |
Mechanical |
9–16 |
Armani Residences |
1–8 |
Armani Hotel |
Ground |
Armani Hotel |
Concourse |
Armani Hotel |
B1–B2 |
Parking, mechanical |
Construction
Animation of construction process
Aerial closeup of Burj Khalifa under construction in March
2008
The tower was constructed by Samsung Engineering & Construction of
South Korea, which also did work on the
Petronas Twin Towers and
Taipei 101.[89]
Samsung Engineering & Construction built the tower in a joint venture
with Besix
from
Belgium and Arabtec from UAE.
Turner is the Project Manager on the main construction contract.[90]
Under UAE law, the Contractor and the Engineer of Record,
Hyder Consulting, is
jointly and severally liable for the performance of Burj Khalifa.
The primary structure is reinforced concrete.
Putzmeister created a new, super high-pressure trailer
concrete pump, the BSA 14000 SHP-D, for this project.[25]
Over 45,000 m3 (58,900 cu yd) of concrete, weighing more than
110,000
tonnes (120,000
short
tons; 110,000 long
tons) were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation,
which features 192 piles; each pile is 1.5 metre diameter x 43 m long,
buried more than 50 m (164 ft) deep.[26]
Burj Khalifa's construction used 330,000 m3 (431,600 cu yd)
of concrete and 55,000 tonnes (61,000 short tons; 54,000 long tons) of
steel rebar,
and construction took 22 million man-hours.[10]
A high density, low permeability concrete was used in the foundations of
Burj Khalifa. A
cathodic protection system under the mat is used to minimize any
detrimental effects from corrosive chemicals in local ground water.[49]
In May 2008 Putzmeister pumped concrete to a then world record delivery
height of 606 m (1,988 ft),[25]
the 156th floor. Three
tower cranes were used during construction of the uppermost levels,
each capable of lifting a 25-tonne load.[91]
The remaining structure above is constructed of lighter steel.
Burj Khalifa is highly compartmentalised. Pressurized,
air-conditioned refuge floors are located approximately every 35 floors
where people can shelter on their long walk down to safety in case of an
emergency or fire.[49][92]
Special mixes of concrete are made to withstand the extreme pressures
of the massive building weight; as is typical with reinforced concrete
construction, each batch of concrete used was tested to ensure it could
withstand certain pressures.
CTLGroup, working for SOM, conducted the creep and shrinkage testing
critical for the structural analysis of the building.[93]
The consistency of the concrete used in the project was essential. It
was difficult to create a concrete that could withstand both the
thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and
Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach
50 °C
(122 °F). To combat this
problem, the concrete was not poured during the day. Instead, during the
summer months ice was added to the mixture and it was poured at night
when the air is cooler and the humidity is higher. A cooler concrete
mixture cures evenly throughout and is therefore less likely to set too
quickly and crack. Any significant cracks could have put the entire
project in jeopardy.
The unique design and engineering challenges of building Burj Khalifa
have been featured in a number of television documentaries, including
the Big, Bigger, Biggest series on the
National Geographic and
Five channels, and the Mega Builders series on the
Discovery Channel.
Milestones
Burj Khalifa and skyline of Dubai, 2010
- January 2004: Excavation commences.[30]
- February 2004: Piling starts.[30]
- 21 September 2004: Emaar contractors begin construction.[94]
- March 2005: Structure of Burj Khalifa starts rising.[30]
- June 2006: Level 50 is reached.[30]
- February 2007: Surpasses the
Sears Tower as the
building with the most floors.
- 13 May 2007: Sets record for vertical
concrete pumping on any building at 452 m (1,483 ft), surpassing
the 449.2 m (1,474 ft) to which concrete was pumped during the
construction of
Taipei 101, while Burj Khalifa reached the 130th floor.[30][95]
- 21 July 2007: Surpasses Taipei 101, whose height of 509.2 m
(1,671 ft) made it the world's tallest building, and level 141
reached.[30][96]
- 12 August 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower antenna, which stands
527.3 m (1,730 ft).
- 12 September 2007: At 555.3 m (1,822 ft), becomes the world's
tallest freestanding structure, surpassing the
CN
Tower in
Toronto, and level 150 reached.[30][97]
- 7 April 2008: At 629 m (2,064 ft), surpasses the
KVLY-TV Mast to become the tallest man-made structure, level 160
reached.[30][98]
- 17 June 2008: Emaar announces that Burj Khalifa's height is over
636 m (2,087 ft) and that its final height will not be given until
it is completed in September 2009.[39]
- 1 September 2008: Height tops 688 m (2,257 ft), making it the
tallest man-made structure ever built, surpassing the previous
record-holder, the
Warsaw Radio Mast in
Konstantynów, Poland.[99]
- 17 January 2009:
Topped out at 829.8 m (2,722 ft).[100]
- 1 October 2009: Emaar announces that the exterior of the
building is completed.[101]
- 4 January 2010: Burj Khalifa's official launch ceremony is held
and Burj Khalifa is opened. Burj Dubai renamed Burj Khalifa in
honour of the President of the UAE and ruler of Abu Dhabi,
Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan.[8]
- 10 March 2010
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) certifies
Burj Khalifa as world's tallest building.[102]
Official
launch ceremony
The opening ceremony of Burj Khalifa
The opening of Burj Khalifa was held on 4 January 2010.[103]
The ceremony featured a display of 10,000 fireworks, light beams
projected on and around the tower, and further sound, light and water
effects.[104]
The celebratory lighting was designed by UK lighting designers
Speirs and Major.[105]
Using the 868 powerful
stroboscope lights that are integrated into the façade and spire of
the tower, different lighting sequences were choreographed, together
with more than 50 different combinations of the other effects.
The event began with a short film which depicted the story of Dubai
and the evolution of Burj Khalifa. The displays of sound, light, water
and fireworks followed.[104]
The portion of the show consisting of the various pyrotechnic, lighting,
water and sound effects was divided into three. The first part was
primarily a light and sound show, which took as its theme the link
between desert flowers and the new tower, and was co-ordinated with the
Dubai Fountain and pyrotechnics. The second portion, called 'Heart
Beat', represented the construction of the tower in a dynamic light show
with the help of 300 projectors which generated a shadow-like image of
the tower. In the third act, sky tracers and space cannons enveloped the
tower in a halo of white light, which expanded as the lighting rig on
the spire activated.[104]
The ceremony was relayed live on a giant screen on Burj Park Island,
as well as several television screens placed across the Downtown Dubai
development. Hundreds of media outlets from around the world reported
live from the scene.[104]
In addition to the media presence, 6,000 guests were expected.[106]
Reception
Awards
In June 2010, Burj Khalifa was the recipient of the 2010 Best Tall
Building Middle East & Africa award by the
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.[107]
On 28 September 2010 Burj Khalifa won the award for best project of year
at the Middle East Architect Awards 2010.[108]
The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat bestowed a new award
for Burj Khalifa at its annual “Best Tall Buildings Awards Ceremony” on
25 October 2010 when Burj Khalifa honored as first recipient of CTBUH’s
new Tall Building “Global Icon” Award. According to CTBUH the new
“Global Icon” award recognizes those very special supertall skyscrapers
that make a profound impact, not only on the local or regional context,
but on the genre of tall buildings globally. Which is innovative in
planning, design and execution, the building must have influenced and
reshaped the field of tall building architecture, engineering, and urban
planning. It is intended that the award will only be conferred on an
occasional basis, when merited by an exceptional project perhaps every
ten or fifteen years.[109]
CTBUH Awards Chair Gordon Gill, of
Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture said:
- "There was discussion amongst members of the jury that the
existing ‘Best Tall Building of the Year’ award was not really
appropriate for the Burj Khalifa. We are talking about a building
here that has changed the landscape of what is possible in
architecture a building that became internationally recognized as an
icon long before it was even completed. ‘Building of the Century’
was thought a more appropriate title for it."[109]
Beside these awards, Burj Khalifa was the recipient of following
awards.[110][111]
- 2012 • Award of Merit for World Voices Sculpture, Burj Khalifa
Lobby from
Structural Engineers Association of Illinois,
Chicago.
- 2011 • Interior Architecture Award, Certificate of Merit from
AIA - Chicago Chapter.
- 2011 • Distinguished Building Award, Citation of Merit from AIA
- Chicago Chapter.
- 2011 • Interior Architecture Award: Special Recognition from AIA
- Chicago Chapter.
- 2011 • Design Excellence Award: Special Function Room.
- 2011 • Excellence in Engineering from ASHRAE - Illinois Chapter.
- 2011 • Outstanding Structure Award from
International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering.
- 2011 • Decade of Design, Presidential Commendation in Corporate
Space Small from
International Interior Design Association (IIDA).
- 2011 • Decade of Design • Best of Category/Mixed Use Buildings
from International Interior Design Association (IIDA).
- 2011 • GCC Technical Building Project of the Year from
MEED.
- 2011 • Project of the Year from MEED.
- 2010 • International Architecture Award.
- 2010 • Arab Achievement Award 2010: Best Architecture Project
from Arab Investment Summit.
- 2010 • Architecture Award (Mixed Use) Dubai from Arabian
Property Awards.
- 2010 • Architecture Award (Mixed Use) Arabian Region from
Arabian Property Awards.
- 2010 • International Architecture Award from
Chicago Athenaeum.
- 2010 • American Architecture Award from Chicago Athenaeum.
- 2010 • Commercial / Mixed Use Built from
Cityscape.
- 2010 • Best Mixed Use Built Development in
Cityscape Abu Dhabi.
- 2010 • Skyscraper Award: Silver Medal from
Emporis.
- 2010 • Award for Commercial or Retail Structure from
Institution of Structural Engineers.
- 2010 • International Architecture Award (Mixed Use) from
International Commercial Property Awards.
- 2010 • Special Recognition for Technological Advancement from
International Highrise Awards.
- 2010 • Best Structural Design of the Year from
LEAF Award.
- 2010 • International Projects Category: Outstanding Project from
National Council of Structural Engineers Associations.
- 2010 • Best of What's New from Popular Science Magazine.
- 2010 • Spark Awards, Silver Award.
- 2010 • Excellence in Structural Engineering: Most Innovative
Structure from Structural Engineers Association of Illinois.
BASE jumping
The building has been used by several experienced
BASE jumpers for both authorized and unauthorized BASE jumping:
- In May 2008, Hervé Le Gallou and a British man David McDonnell
dressed as engineers, illegally infiltrated Burj Khalifa (around
650 m at the time), and jumped off a balcony situated a couple of
floors below the 160th floor.[112][113]
- On 8 January 2010, with permission of the authorities, Nasr Al
Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan, from the Emirates Aviation Society,
broke the world record for the highest BASE jump from a building
after they leapt from a crane suspended platform attached to the
160th floor at 672 m (2,205 ft). The two men descended the vertical
drop at a speed of up to 220 km/h (140 mph), with enough time to
open their parachutes 10 seconds into the 90-second jump.[114][115]
Climbing
On 28 March 2011,
Alain Robert scaled the outside of Burj Khalifa. The climb to the
top of the spire took six hours. To comply with UAE safety laws Robert,
who usually climbs in
free solo style, took the unusual step of using a rope and harness
for the climb.[116]
Suicide
Within 17 months of the building's official opening, a man described
as "an Asian in his mid-30s" who worked at one of the companies in the
tower committed suicide on 10 May 2011 by jumping from the 147th floor.
He fell 39 floors, landing on a deck on the 108th floor. Dubai police
confirmed the act as a suicide, reporting that "We also came to know
that the man decided to commit suicide as his company refused to grant
leave."[117]
In popular culture
During the summer of 2009, while Burj Khalifa was still under
construction, contestants from
The Amazing Race 15 visited the 120th floor to collect a clue.
The helipad of the building was later featured as the pitstop of the
fourth leg of the race in the
second season of the reality competition series
The Amazing Race Australia.
- A substantial part of the plot of
Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol, the fourth of the
Mission: Impossible film series, takes place in and
around the Burj Khalifa and involves
Tom Cruise's character
Ethan Hunt having to scale a large section of the exterior using
high-tech adhesive gloves in order to access and hack the building's
security systems. Filming included stuntwork on the building's
exterior with some scenes shot in the
IMAX
format.
- The building features prominently in the 2012 video game
Spec Ops: The Line developed by Yager Development and
published by
2K
Games. It is referred to only as "the tallest building in Dubai"
during the course of the story and is not a particularly close
likeness of the real structure.
- In the History Channel show
Life After People episode "Home
Wrecked Homes", Burj Khalifa is shown to have been stripped of
most of its glass facade due to high-speed desert winds, before it
collapses from corrosion of its base, 250 years after people.
- The music video for
Imran Khan's song Satisfya had multiple scenes filmed at the
Burj Khalifa.
New Year's Eve fireworks displays
- 2010-2011, fireworks accompanied by lasers and lights were
displayed from the Burj Khalifa, making it the highest New Year
fireworks display in the world.[34]
The theme of the 2011 New Year fireworks was the "New Year Gala", a
tribute to the spirit of Dubai, which is home to over 200
nationalities. The display also marked the first anniversary of Burj
Khalifa.[119]
- 2011-2012, Burj Khalifa was fully illuminated in white, red and
green colors, drawing on the colors of the UAE national flag,
through the fireworks display. The celebrations were also a salute
to the nation.[120]
- 2012-2013, The fireworks display on Burj Khalifa, in a blaze of
light and color, the fireworks engulfed the tower, synchronized and
choreographed to a live performance by the Prague Philharmonic
Orchestra. A window table for the New Year event was also arranged
on the 122nd floor of the building at Atmosphere restaurant, at cost
of 16,000 dirhams (4,300 dollars) per person.[121]
Labour controversy
Burj Khalifa was built primarily by workers from South Asia.[122][123]
On 17 June 2008, there were 7,500 skilled workers employed at the
construction site.[39]
Press reports indicated in 2006 that skilled
carpenters at the site earned
£4.34 a day, and labourers earned £2.84.[122]
According to a BBC investigation and a
Human Rights Watch report, the workers were housed in abysmal
conditions, and work long hours for low pay.[124][125][126]
During the construction of Burj Khalifa, only one construction-related
death was reported.[127]
However, workplace injuries and fatalities in the UAE are "poorly
documented".[124]
On 21 March 2006, about 2,500 workers, who were upset over buses that
were delayed for the end of their shifts, protested, damaged cars,
offices, computers, and construction equipment.[122]
A Dubai Interior Ministry official said the rioters caused almost
£500,000 in damage.[122]
Most of the workers involved in the riot returned the following day but
refused to work.[122]
Gallery
|
Aerial view of Burj Khalifa
|
|
See also
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External links
Records |
Preceded by
Warsaw Radio Mast
646.38 m (2,120.67 ft) |
World's tallest structure ever built
2008 – present |
Incumbent |
Preceded by
KVLY-TV mast
628.8 m (2,063 ft) |
World's tallest structure
2008 – present |
Preceded by
CN Tower
553.33 m (1,815.39 ft) |
World's tallest free-standing structure
2007 – present |
Preceded by
Taipei 101
509.2 m (1,670.6 ft) |
World's tallest building
2010 – present |
Preceded by
Willis Tower
108 floors |
Building with the most floors
2007 – present |
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1)
scrivi
le parole inglesi dentro la
striscia gialla 2)
seleziona il testo 3)
clicca "Ascolta il testo"
DA INGLESE A ITALIANO
Inserire
nella casella Traduci la parola
INGLESE e cliccare
Go.
DA ITALIANO A INGLESE
Impostare INGLESE anziché italiano e
ripetere la procedura descritta.
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