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Indice del n. 10

  1. September
  2. Full breakfast
  3. Seamus Heaney
  4. Superman
  5. 2013 Ghouta attacks in Syria
  6. Stone paper
  7. Look Back in Anger
  8. Emmy Award
  9. Pun
  10. Dolce & Gabbana
  11. Russia
  12. Stock market bubble
  13. Rare earths
  14. Sophia Loren
  15. Steganography
  16. Deindustrialization
  17. Subject-auxiliary inversion
  18. Phrasal verb
  19. Labyrinth
  20. Goalkeeper (football)
  21. The Decameron
  22. Umberto Eco
  23. Taser
  24. Territorial claims in the Arctic
  25. Google Glass
  26. Pizza
  27. Linux Operating System
  28. Augmented reality
  29. Charlie Chaplin
  30. Lincoln (film)
  31. Diwali

 

WIKIMAG n. 10 - Settembre 2013 
Augmented reality

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Augmented reality (AR) is a live, direct or indirect, view of a physical, real-world environment whose elements are augmented (or supplemented) by computer-generated sensory input such as sound, video, graphics or GPS data. It is related to a more general concept called mediated reality, in which a view of reality is modified (possibly even diminished rather than augmented) by a computer. As a result, the technology functions by enhancing one’s current perception of reality.[1] By contrast, virtual reality replaces the real world with a simulated one.[2][3] Augmentation is conventionally in real-time and in semantic context with environmental elements, such as sports scores on TV during a match. With the help of advanced AR technology (e.g. adding computer vision and object recognition) the information about the surrounding real world of the user becomes interactive and digitally manipulable. Artificial information about the environment and its objects can be overlaid on the real world.[4][5][6][7]

Technology

Hardware

Hardware components for augmented reality are: processor, display, sensors and input devices. Modern mobile computing devices like smartphones and tablet computers contain these elements which often include a camera and MEMS sensors such as accelerometer, GPS, and solid state compass, making them suitable AR platforms.[8]

Display

Various technologies are used in Augmented Reality rendering including optical projection systems, monitors, hand held devices, and display systems worn on one's person.

Head-mounted

A head-mounted display (HMD) is a display device paired to a headset such as a harness or helmet. HMDs place images of both the physical world and virtual objects over the user's field of view. Modern HMDs often employ sensors for six degrees of freedom monitoring that allow the system to align virtual information to the physical world and adjust accordingly with the user's head movements.[9][10][11] HMDs can provide users immersive, mobile and collaborative AR experiences.[12]

Eyeglasses

AR displays can be rendered on devices resembling eyeglasses. Versions include eye wear that employ cameras to intercept the real world view and re-display its augmented view through the eye pieces[13] and devices in which the AR imagery is projected through or reflected off the surfaces of the eye wear lens pieces.[14][15][16] Google Glass is not intended for an AR experience, but third-party developers are pushing the device toward a mainstream AR experience.[17][18] CrowdOptic, an existing app for smartphones, applies algorithms and triangulation techniques to photo metadata including GPS position, compass heading, and a time stamp to arrive at a relative significance value for photo objects.[19] CrowdOptic technology can be used by Google Glass users to learn where to look at a give point in time.[20]

Contact lenses

Contact lenses that display AR imaging are in development. These bionic contact lenses might contain the elements for display embedded into the lens including integrated circuitry, LEDs and an antenna for wireless communication.[21][22][23][24] Another version of contact lenses, in development for the U.S. Military, is designed to function with AR spectacles, allowing soldiers to focus on close-to-the-eye AR images on the spectacles and distant real world objects at the same time.[25][26]

Virtual retinal display

A virtual retinal display (VRD) is a personal display device under development at the University of Washington's Human Interface Technology Laboratory. With this technology, a display is scanned directly onto the retina of a viewer's eye. The viewer sees what appears to be a conventional display floating in space in front of them.[27]

EyeTap

The EyeTap (also known as Generation-2 Glass[28]) captures rays of light that would otherwise pass through the center of a lens of an eye of the wearer, and substituted each ray of light for synthetic computer-controlled light. The Generation-4 Glass[28] (Laser EyeTap) is similar to the VRD (i.e. it uses a computer controlled laser light source) except that it also has infinite depth of focus and causes the eye itself to, in effect, function as both a camera and a display, by way of exact alignment with the eye, and resynthesis (in laser light) of rays of light entering the eye.[29]

Handheld

Handheld displays employ a small display that fits in a user's hand. All handheld AR solutions to date opt for video see-through. Initially handheld AR employed fiduciary markers,[30] and later GPS units and MEMS sensors such as digital compasses and six degrees of freedom accelerometer–gyroscope. Today SLAM markerless trackers such as PTAM are starting to come into use. Handheld display AR promises to be the first commercial success for AR technologies. The two main advantages of handheld AR is the portable nature of handheld devices and ubiquitous nature of camera phones. The disadvantages are the physical constraints of the user having to hold the handheld device out in front of them at all times as well as distorting effect of classically wide-angled mobile phone cameras when compared to the real world as viewed through the eye.[31]

Spatial

Spatial Augmented Reality (SAR) augments real world objects and scenes without the use of special displays such as monitors, head mounted displays or hand-held devices. SAR makes use of digital projectors to display graphical information onto physical objects. The key difference in SAR is that the display is separated from the users of the system. Because the displays are not associated with each user, SAR scales naturally up to groups of users, thus allowing for collocated collaboration between users.

Examples include shader lamps, mobile projectors, virtual tables, and smart projectors. Shader lamps mimic and augment reality by projecting imagery onto neutral objects, providing the opportunity to enhance the object’s appearance with materials of a simple unit- a projector, camera, and sensor.

Other tangible applications include table and wall projections. One such innovation, the Extended Virtual Table, separates the virtual from the real by including beam-splitter mirrors attached to the ceiling at an adjustable angle.[32] Virtual showcases, which employ beam-splitter mirrors together with multiple graphics displays, provide an interactive means of simultaneously engaging with the virtual and the real.Many more implementations and configurations make spatial augmented reality display an increasingly attractive interactive alternative.

Spatial AR does not suffer from the limited display resolution of current head-mounted displays and portable devices. A projector based display system can simply incorporate more projectors to expand the display area. Where portable devices have a small window into the world for drawing, a SAR system can display on any number of surfaces of an indoor setting at once. The drawbacks, however, are that SAR systems of projectors do not work so well in sunlight and also require a surface on which to project the computer-generated graphics. Augmentations cannot simply hang in the air as they do with handheld and HMD-based AR. The tangible nature of SAR, though, makes this an ideal technology to support design, as SAR supports both a graphical visualisation and passive haptic sensation for the end users. People are able to touch physical objects, and it is this process that provides the passive haptic sensation.[7][33][34][35]

Tracking

Modern mobile augmented reality systems use one or more of the following tracking technologies: digital cameras and/or other optical sensors, accelerometers, GPS, gyroscopes, solid state compasses, RFID and wireless sensors. These technologies offer varying levels of accuracy and precision. Most important is the position and orientation of the user's head. Tracking the user's hand(s) or a handheld input device can provide a 6DOF interaction technique.[36]

Input devices

Techniques include speech recognition systems that translate a user's spoken words into computer instructions and gesture recognition systems that can interpret a user's body movements by visual detection or from sensors embedded in a peripheral device such as a wand, stylus, pointer, glove or other body wear.[37][38][39][40]

Computer

The computer analyzes the sensed visual and other data to synthesize and position augmentations.

Software and algorithms

A key measure of AR systems is how realistically they integrate augmentations with the real world. The software must derive real world coordinates, independent from the camera, from camera images. That process is called image registration which uses different methods of computer vision, mostly related to video tracking.[41][42] Many computer vision methods of augmented reality are inherited from visual odometry. Usually those methods consist of two parts.

First detect interest points, or fiduciary markers, or optical flow in the camera images. First stage can use feature detection methods like corner detection, blob detection, edge detection or thresholding and/or other image processing methods.[43][44] The second stage restores a real world coordinate system from the data obtained in the first stage. Some methods assume objects with known geometry (or fiduciary markers) present in the scene. In some of those cases the scene 3D structure should be precalculated beforehand. If part of the scene is unknown simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) can map relative positions. If no information about scene geometry is available, structure from motion methods like bundle adjustment are used. Mathematical methods used in the second stage include projective (epipolar) geometry, geometric algebra, rotation representation with exponential map, kalman and particle filters, nonlinear optimization, robust statistics.

Applications

Augmented reality has many applications, and many areas can benefit from the use of AR technology. AR was first used for military, industrial, and medical applications, but was soon applied to commercial and entertainment areas.[45]

Archaeology

AR can be used to aid archaeological research, by augmenting archaeological features onto the modern landscape, enabling archaeologists to formulate conclusions about site placement and configuration.[46]

Another application given to AR in this field is the possibility for users to rebuild ruins, buildings, or even landscapes as they formerly existed.[47]

Architecture

AR can aid in visualizing building projects. Computer-generated images of a structure can be superimposed into a real life local view of a property before the physical building is constructed there. AR can also be employed within an architect's work space, rendering into their view animated 3D visualizations of their 2D drawings. Architecture sight-seeing can be enhanced with AR applications allowing users viewing a building's exterior to virtually see through its walls, viewing its interior objects and layout.[48][49]

Art

AR technology has helped disabled individuals create art by using eye tracking to translate a user's eye movements into drawings on a screen.[50] An item such as a commemorative coin can be designed so that when scanned by an AR-enabled device it displays additional objects and layers of information that were not visible in a real world view of it.[51][52] In 2013, L'Oreal used CrowdOptic technology to create an augmented reality at the seventh annual Luminato Festival in Toronto, Canada.[20]

Commerce

ViewAR BUTLERS App - Placing furniture using AR

AR can enhance product previews such as allowing a customer to view what's inside a product's packaging without opening it.[53] AR can also be used as an aid in selecting products from a catalog or through a kiosk. Scanned images of products can activate views of additional content such as customization options and additional images of the product in its use.[54][55] AR is used to integrate print and video marketing. Printed marketing material can be designed with certain "trigger" images that, when scanned by an AR enabled device using image recognition, activate a video version of the promotional material.[56][57][58]

Construction

With the continual improvements to GPS accuracy, businesses are able to use augmented reality to visualize georeferenced models of construction sites, underground structures, cables and pipes using mobile devices.[59] Following the Christchurch earthquake, the University of Canterbury released, CityViewAR, which enabled city planners and engineers to visualize buildings that were destroyed in the earthquake.[60] Not only did this provide planners with tools to reference the previous cityscape, but it also served as a reminder to the magnitude of the devastation caused, as entire buildings were demolished.

Education

App iSkull, an augmented human skull for education (iOS OS)

Augmented reality applications can complement a standard curriculum. Text, graphics, video and audio can be superimposed into a student’s real time environment. Textbooks, flashcards and other educational reading material can contain embedded “markers” that, when scanned by an AR device, produce supplementary information to the student rendered in a multimedia format.[61][62][63] Students can participate interactively with computer generated simulations of historical events, exploring and learning details of each significant area of the event site.[64] AR can aid students in understanding chemistry by allowing them to visualize the spatial structure of a molecule and interact with a virtual model of it that appears, in a camera image, positioned at a marker held in their hand.[65] Augmented reality technology also permits learning via remote collaboration, in which students and instructors not at the same physical location can share a common virtual learning environment populated by virtual objects and learning materials and interact with another within that setting.[66]

Everyday

30 years of Augmediated Reality in everyday life.

Since the 1970s and early 1980s, Steve Mann has been developing technologies meant for everyday use i.e. "horizontal" across all applications rather than a specific "vertical" market. Examples include Mann's "EyeTap Digital Eye Glass", a general-purpose seeing aid that does dynamic-range management (HDR vision) and overlays, underlays, simultaneous augmentation and diminishment (e.g. diminishing the electric arc while looking at a welding torch).[67]

Gaming

Merchlar's mobile game Get On Target uses a trigger image as fiduciary marker

Augmented reality allows gamers to experience digital game play in a real world environment. In the last 10 years there has been a lot of improvements of technology, resulting in better movement detection and the possibility for the Wii to exist, but also direct detection of the player's movements.[68]

Industrial design

AR can help industrial designers experience a product's design and operation before completion. Volkswagen uses AR for comparing calculated and actual crash test imagery.[69] AR can be used to visualize and modify a car body structure and engine layout. AR can also be used to compare digital mock-ups with physical mock-ups for finding discrepancies between them.[70][71]

Medical

Augmented Reality can provide the surgeon with information, which are otherwise hidden, such as showing the heartbeat rate, the blood pressure, the state of the patient’s organ, etc. AR can be used to let a doctor look inside a patient by combining one source of images such as an X-ray with another such as video.

Examples include a virtual X-ray view based on prior tomography or on real time images from ultrasound and confocal microscopy probes[72] or visualizing the position of a tumor in the video of an endoscope.[73] AR can enhance viewing a fetus inside a mother's womb.[74] See also Mixed reality.

Military

In combat, AR can serve as a networked communication system that renders useful battlefield data onto a soldier's goggles in real time. From the soldier's viewpoint, people and various objects can be marked with special indicators to warn of potential dangers. Virtual maps and 360° view camera imaging can also be rendered to aid a soldier's navigation and battlefield perspective, and this can be transmitted to military leaders at a remote command center.[75]

Navigation

Augmented reality map on iPhone

AR can augment the effectiveness of navigation devices. Information can be displayed on an automobile's windshield indicating destination directions and meter, weather, terrain, road conditions and traffic information as well as alerts to potential hazards in their path.[76][77][78] Aboard maritime vessels, AR can allow bridge watch-standers to continuously monitor important information such as a ship's heading and speed while moving throughout the bridge or performing other tasks.[79]

Office workplace

AR can help facilitate collaboration among distributed team members in a work force via conferences with real and virtual participants. AR tasks can include brainstorming and discussion meetings utilizing common visualization via touch screen tables, interactive digital whiteboards, shared design spaces, and distributed control rooms.[80][81][82]

Sports and entertainment

AR has become common in sports telecasting. Sports and entertainment venues are provided with see-through and overlay augmentation through tracked camera feeds for enhanced viewing by the audience. Examples include the yellow "first down" line seen in television broadcasts of American football games showing the line the offensive team must cross to receive a first down. AR is also used in association with football and other sporting events to show commercial advertisements overlaid onto the view of the playing area. Sections of rugby fields and cricket pitches also display sponsored images. Swimming telecasts often add a line across the lanes to indicate the position of the current record holder as a race proceeds to allow viewers to compare the current race to the best performance. Other examples include hockey puck tracking and annotations of racing car performance and snooker ball trajectories. [41][83]

AR can enhance concert and theater performances. For example, artists can allow listeners to augment their listening experience by adding their performance to that of other bands/groups of users.[84][85][86]

The gaming industry has benefited a lot from the development of this technology. A number of games have been developed for prepared indoor environments. Early AR games also include AR air hockey, collaborative combat against virtual enemies, and an AR-enhanced pool games. A significant number of games incorporate AR in them and the introduction of the smartphone has made a bigger impact.[87][88]

Task support

Complex tasks such as assembly, maintenance, and surgery can be simplified by inserting additional information into the field of view. For example, labels can be displayed on parts of a system to clarify operating instructions for a mechanic who is performing maintenance on the system.[89][90] Assembly lines gain many benefits from the usage of AR. In addition to Boeing, BMW and Volkswagen are known for incorporating this technology in their assembly line to improve their manufacturing and assembly processes.[91][92][93] Big machines are difficult to maintain because of the multiple layers or structures they have. With the use of AR the workers can complete their job in a much easier way because AR permits them to look through the machine as if it was with x-ray, pointing them to the problem right away.[94]

Television

Weather visualizations were the first application of Augmented Reality to television. It has now become common in weathercasting to display full motion video of images captured in real-time from multiple cameras and other imaging devices. Coupled with 3D graphics symbols and mapped to a common virtual geospace model, these animated visualizations constitute the first true application of AR to TV.

Augmented reality has also become common in sports telecasting. Sports and entertainment venues are provided with see-through and overlay augmentation through tracked camera feeds for enhanced viewing by the audience. Examples include the yellow "first down" line seen in television broadcasts of American football games showing the line the offensive team must cross to receive a first down. AR is also used in association with football and other sporting events to show commercial advertisements overlaid onto the view of the playing area. Sections of rugby fields and cricket pitches also display sponsored images. Swimming telecasts often add a line across the lanes to indicate the position of the current record holder as a race proceeds to allow viewers to compare the current race to the best performance. Other examples include hockey puck tracking and annotations of racing car performance and snooker ball trajectories.[95][96]

Augmented reality is starting to allow Next Generation TV viewers to interact with the programs they are watching. They can place objects into an existing program and interact with these objects, such as moving them around. Avatars of real persons in real time who are also watching the same program.[97]

Tourism and sightseeing

Augmented reality applications can enhance a user's experience when traveling by providing real time informational displays regarding a location and its features, including comments made by previous visitors of the site. AR applications allow tourists to experience simulations of historical events, places and objects by rendering them into their current view of a landscape.[98][99][100] AR applications can also present location information by audio, announcing features of interest at a particular site as they become visible to the user.[101][102]

Translation

AR systems can interpret foreign text on signs and menus and, in a user's augmented view, re-display the text in the user's language. Spoken words of a foreign language can be translated and displayed in a user's view as printed subtitles.[103][104][105]

Notable researchers

  • Ivan Sutherland invented the first AR head-mounted display at Harvard University.
  • Steven Feiner, Professor at Columbia University, is a leading pioneer of augmented reality, and author of the first paper on an AR system prototype, KARMA (the Knowledge-based Augmented Reality Maintenance Assistant), along with Blair MacIntyre and Doree Seligmann.[106]
  • Steve Mann formulated an earlier concept of Mediated reality in the 1970s and 1980s, using cameras, processors, and display systems to modify visual reality to help people see better (dynamic range management), building computerized welding helmets, as well as "Augmediated Reality" vision systems for use in everyday life.[107]
  • Louis Rosenberg developed one of the first known AR systems, called Virtual Fixtures, while working at the U.S. Air Force Armstrong Labs in 1991, and published the first study of how an AR system can enhance human performance.[108] Rosenberg's subsequent work at Stanford University in the early 90's, was the first proof that virtual overlays, when registered and presented over a user's direct view of the real physical world, could significantly enhance human performance. [109][110][111]
  • Dieter Schmalstieg and Daniel Wagner jump started the field of AR on mobile phones. They developed the first marker tracking systems for mobile phones and PDAs.[112]
  • Bruce H. Thomas and Wayne Piekarski develop the Tinmith system in 1998.[113] They along with Steve Feiner with his MARS system pioneer outdoor augmented reality.
  • Reinhold Behringer performed important early work in image registration for augmented reality, and prototype wearable testbeds for augmented reality. He also co-organized the First IEEE International Symposium on Augmented Reality in 1998 (IWAR'98), and co-edited one of the first books on augmented reality.[114][115][116]

History

  • 1901: L. Frank Baum, an author, first mentions the idea of an electronic display/spectacles that overlays data onto real life (in this case 'people'), it is named a 'character marker'.[117]
  • 1957–62: Morton Heilig, a cinematographer, creates and patents a simulator called Sensorama with visuals, sound, vibration, and smell.[118]
  • 1966: Ivan Sutherland invents the head-mounted display and positions it as a window into a virtual world.
  • 1975: Myron Krueger creates Videoplace to allow users to interact with virtual objects for the first time.
  • 1980: Steve Mann creates the first wearable computer, a computer vision system with text and graphical overlays on a photographically mediated reality, or Augmediated Reality.[119] See EyeTap.
  • 1981: Dan Reitan (working at Kavouras Weather) geospatially maps multiple weather radar images (also space-based and studio cameras) to virtual reality Earth maps and abstract symbols for television weather broadcasts, bringing Augmented Reality to TV.
  • 1989: Jaron Lanier coins the phrase Virtual Reality and creates the first commercial business around virtual worlds.
  • 1990: The term "'Augmented Reality'" is believed to be attributed to Tom Caudell, a former Boeing [120] researcher.[121]
  • 1992: Louis Rosenberg develops one of the first functioning AR systems, called Virtual Fixtures, at the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory—Armstrong, and demonstrates benefits to human performance.[108][122][111]
  • 1992: Steven Feiner, Blair MacIntyre and Doree Seligmann present the first major paper on an AR system prototype, KARMA, at the Graphics Interface conference.
  • 1993 A widely cited version of the paper above is published in Communications of the ACM - Special issue on computer augmented environments, edited by Pierre Wellner, Wendy Mackay, and Rich Gold.[123]
  • 1993: Loral WDL, with sponsorship from STRICOM, performed the first demonstration combining live AR-equipped vehicles and manned simulators. Unpublished paper, J. Barrilleaux, "Experiences and Observations in Applying Augmented Reality to Live Training", 1999.[124]
  • 1994: Julie Martin creates first 'Augmented Reality Theater production', Dancing In Cyberspace, funded by the Australia Council for the Arts, features dancers and acrobats manipulating body–sized virtual object in real time, projected into the same physical space and performance plane. The acrobats appeared immersed within the virtual object and environments. The installation used Silicon Graphics computers and Polhemus sensing system.
  • 1998: Spatial Augmented Reality introduced at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill by Raskar, Welch, Fuchs.[33]
  • 1999: Hirokazu Kato (加藤 博一) created ARToolKit at HITLab, where AR later was further developed by other HITLab scientists, demonstrating it at SIGGRAPH.
  • 2000: Bruce H. Thomas develops ARQuake, the first outdoor mobile AR game, demonstrating it in the International Symposium on Wearable Computers.
  • 2008: Wikitude AR Travel Guide launches on 20 Oct 2008 with the G1 Android phone.[125]
  • 2009: ARToolkit was ported to Adobe Flash (FLARToolkit) by Saqoosha, bringing augmented reality to the web browser.[126]
  • 2013: Google announces an open beta test of its Google Glass augmented reality glasses. The glasses reach the Internet through Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, which connects to the wireless service on a user’s cellphone. The glasses respond when a user speaks, touches the frame or moves the head.[127]

See also

References

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External links                                              

Augmented reality at the Open Directory Project

Media related to Augmented reality at Wikimedia Commons


 


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 DA ITALIANO A INGLESE 
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CONDIZIONI DI USO DI QUESTO SITO • agg. 13.12.12
L'utente può utilizzare il sito ELINGUE solo se comprende e accetta quanto segue:

  • le risorse e i servizi linguistici presentati all'interno della cartella di sito denominata ELINGUE (www.englishgratis.com/elingue) , d'ora in poi definita "ELINGUE", sono accessibili solo previa sottoscrizione di un abbonamento a pagamento e si possono utilizzare esclusivamente per uso personale e non commerciale con tassativa esclusione di ogni condivisione comunque effettuata. Tutti i diritti sono riservati. La riproduzione anche parziale è vietata senza autorizzazione scritta.
  • si precisa altresì che il nome del sito EnglishGratis, che ospita ELINGUE, è esclusivamente un marchio di fantasia e un nome di dominio internet che fa riferimento alla disponibilità sul sito di un numero molto elevato di risorse gratuite e non implica dunque in alcun modo una promessa di gratuità relativamente a prodotti e servizi nostri o di terze parti pubblicizzati a mezzo banner e link, o contrassegnati chiaramente come prodotti a pagamento (anche ma non solo con la menzione "Annuncio pubblicitario"), o comunque menzionati nelle pagine del sito ma non disponibili sulle pagine pubbliche, non protette da password, del sito stesso. In particolare sono esclusi dalle pretese di gratuità i seguenti prodotti a pagamento: il nuovo abbonamento ad ELINGUE, i corsi 20 ORE e le riviste English4Life. L'utente che abbia difficoltà a capire il significato del marchio English Gratis o la relazione tra risorse gratuite e risorse a pagamento è pregato di contattarci per le opportune delucidazioni PRIMA DI UTILIZZARE IL SITO onde evitare spiacevoli equivoci.
  • ELINGUE è riservato in linea di massima ad utenti singoli (privati o aziendali). Qualora si sia interessati ad abbonamenti multi-utente si prega di contattare la redazione per un'offerta ad hoc.
  • l'utente si impegna a non rivelare a nessuno i dati di accesso che gli verranno comunicati (nome utente e password)
  • coloro che si abbonano accettano di ricevere le nostre comunicazioni di servizio (newsletter e mail singole) che sono l'unico tramite di comunicazione tra noi e il nostro abbonato, e servono ad informare l'abbonato della scadenza imminente del suo abbonamento e a comunicargli in anticipo eventuali problematiche tecniche e di manutenzione che potrebbero comportare l'indisponibilità transitoria del sito.
  • Nel quadro di una totale trasparenza e cortesia verso l'utente, l'abbonamento NON si rinnova automaticamente. Per riabbonarsi l'utente dovrà di nuovo effettuare la procedura che ha dovuto compiere la prima volta che si è abbonato.
  • Le risorse costituite da codici di embed di YouTube e di altri siti che incoraggiano lo sharing delle loro risorse (video, libri, audio, immagini, foto ecc.) sono ovviamente di proprietà dei rispettivi siti. L'utente riconosce e accetta che 1) il sito di sharing che ce ne consente l'uso può in ogni momento revocare la disponibilità della risorsa 2) l'eventuale pubblicità che figura all'interno delle risorse non è inserita da noi ma dal sito di sharing 3) eventuali violazioni di copyright sono esclusiva responsabilità del sito di sharing mentre è ovviamente nostra cura scegliere risorse solo da siti di sharing che pratichino una politica rigorosa di controllo e interdizione delle violazioni di copyright.
  • Nel caso l'utente riscontri nel sito una qualsiasi violazione di copyright, è pregato di segnalarcelo immediatamente per consentirci interventi di verifica ed eventuale rimozione del contenuto in questione. I contenuti rimossi saranno, nel limite del possibile, sostituiti con altri contenuti analoghi che non violano il copyright.
  • I servizi linguistici da noi forniti sulle pagine del sito ma erogati da aziende esterne (per esempio, la traduzione interattiva di Google Translate e Bing Translate realizzata rispettivamente da Google e da Microsoft, la vocalizzazione Text To Speech dei testi inglesi fornita da ReadSpeaker, il vocabolario inglese-italiano offerto da Babylon con la sua Babylon Box, il servizio di commenti sociali DISQUS e altri) sono ovviamente responsabilità di queste aziende esterne. Trattandosi di servizi interattivi basati su web, possono esserci delle interruzioni di servizio in relazione ad eventi di manutenzione o di sovraccarico dei server su cui non abbiamo alcun modo di influire. Per esperienza, comunque, tali interruzioni sono rare e di brevissima durata, saremo comunque grati ai nostri utenti che ce le vorranno segnalare.
  • Per quanto riguarda i servizi di traduzione automatica l'utente prende atto che sono forniti "as is" dall'azienda esterna che ce li eroga (Google o Microsoft). Nonostante le ovvie limitazioni, sono strumenti in continuo perfezionamento e sono spesso in grado di fornire all'utente, anche professionale, degli ottimi suggerimenti e spunti per una migliore traduzione.
  • In merito all'utilizzabilità del sito ELINGUE su tablet e cellulari a standard iOs, Android, Windows Phone e Blackberry facciamo notare che l'assenza di standard comuni si ripercuote a volte sulla fruibilità di certe prestazioni tipiche del nostro sito (come il servizio ReadSpeaker e la traduzione automatica con Google Translate). Mentre da parte nostra è costante lo sforzo di rendere sempre più compatibili il nostro sito con il maggior numero di piattaforme mobili, non possiamo però assicurare il pieno raggiungimento di questo obiettivo in quanto non dipende solo da noi. Chi desidera abbonarsi è dunque pregato di verificare prima di perfezionare l'abbonamento la compatibilità del nostro sito con i suoi dispositivi informatici, mobili e non, utilizzando le pagine di esempio che riproducono una pagina tipo per ogni tipologia di risorsa presente sul nostro sito. Non saranno quindi accettati reclami da parte di utenti che, non avendo effettuato queste prove, si trovino poi a non avere un servizio corrispondente a quello sperato. In tutti i casi, facciamo presente che utilizzando browser come Chrome e Safari su pc non mobili (desktop o laptop tradizionali) si ha la massima compatibilità e che il tempo gioca a nostro favore in quanto mano a mano tutti i grandi produttori di browser e di piattaforme mobili stanno convergendo, ognuno alla propria velocità, verso standard comuni.
  • Il sito ELINGUE, diversamente da English Gratis che vive anche di pubblicità, persegue l'obiettivo di limitare o non avere affatto pubblicità sulle proprie pagine in modo da garantire a chi studia l'assenza di distrazioni. Le uniche eccezioni sono 1) la promozione di alcuni prodotti linguistici realizzati e/o garantiti da noi 2) le pubblicità incorporate dai siti di sharing direttamente nelle risorse embeddate che non siamo in grado di escludere 3) le pubblicità eventualmente presenti nei box e player che servono ad erogare i servizi linguistici interattivi prima citati (Google, Microsoft, ReadSpeaker, Babylon ecc.).
  • Per quanto riguarda le problematiche della privacy, non effettuiamo alcun tracciamento dell'attività dell'utente sul nostro sito neppure a fini statistici. Tuttavia non possiamo escludere che le aziende esterne che ci offrono i loro servizi o le loro risorse in modalità sharing effettuino delle operazioni volte a tracciare le attività dell'utente sul nostro sito. Consigliamo quindi all'utente di utilizzare browser che consentano la disattivazione in blocco dei tracciamenti o l'inserimento di apposite estensioni di browser come Ghostery che consentono all'utente di bloccare direttamente sui browser ogni agente di tracciamento.
  • Le risposte agli utenti nella sezione di commenti sociali DISQUS sono fornite all'interno di precisi limiti di accettabilità dei quesiti posti dall'utente. Questi limiti hanno lo scopo di evitare che il servizio possa essere "abusato" attraverso la raccolta e sottoposizione alla redazione di ELINGUE di centinaia o migliaia di quesiti che intaserebbero il lavoro della redazione. Si prega pertanto l'utente di leggere attentamente e comprendere le seguenti limitazioni d'uso del servizio:
    - il servizio è moderato per garantire che non vengano pubblicati contenuti fuori tema o inadatti all'ambiente di studio online
    - la redazione di ELINGUE si riserva il diritto di editare gli interventi degli utenti per correzioni ortografiche e per chiarezza
    - il servizio è erogato solo agli utenti abbonati registrati gratuitamente al servizio di commenti sociali DISQUS
    - l'utente non può formulare più di un quesito al giorno
    - un quesito non può contenere, salvo eccezioni, più di una domanda
    - un utente non può assumere più nomi, identità o account di Disqus per superare i limiti suddetti
    - nell'ambito del servizio non sono forniti servizi di traduzione
    - la redazione di ELINGUE gestisce la priorità delle risposte in modo insindacabile da parte dell'utente
    - in tutti i casi, la redazione di ELINGUE è libera in qualsiasi momento di de-registrare temporaneamente l'utente abbonato dal
      servizio DISQUS qualora sussistano fondati motivi a suo insindacabile giudizio. La misura verrà comunque attuata solo in casi di
      eccezionale gravità.
  • L'utente, inoltre, accetta di tenere Casiraghi Jones Publishing SRL indenne da qualsiasi tipo di responsabilità per l'uso - ed eventuali conseguenze di esso - delle informazioni linguistiche e grammaticali contenute sul sito, in particolare, nella sezione Disqus. Le nostre risposte grammaticali sono infatti improntate ad un criterio di praticità e pragmaticità che a volte è in conflitto con la rigidità delle regole "ufficiali" che tendono a proporre un inglese schematico e semplificato dimenticando la ricchezza e variabilità della lingua reale. Anche l'occasionale difformità tra le soluzioni degli esercizi e le regole grammaticali fornite nella grammatica va concepita come stimolo a formulare domande alla redazione onde poter spiegare più nei dettagli le particolarità della lingua inglese che non possono essere racchiuse in un'opera grammaticale di carattere meramente introduttivo come la nostra grammatica online.

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