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WIKIMAG n. 11 - Ottobre 2013
The Lion King
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The Lion King is a 1994 American animated
epic
musical
comedy-drama film produced by
Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by
Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 32nd animated feature in the
Walt Disney Animated Classics series. The story takes place in a
kingdom of lions in Africa, and was influenced by the
biblical
tales of
Joseph and
Moses,
and the
Shakespeare plays
Hamlet
and
Macbeth. The film was produced during a period known as the
Disney Renaissance. The Lion King was directed by
Roger Allers and
Rob Minkoff, produced by
Don
Hahn, and has a screenplay credited to
Irene Mecchi,
Jonathan Roberts and
Linda Woolverton. The film features a large
ensemble voice cast led by
Matthew Broderick,
Jeremy Irons,
James Earl Jones,
Jonathan Taylor Thomas and
Moira Kelly. It tells the story of Simba, a young lion who is to
take his father Mufasa's place as king. However, after Simba's uncle
Scar kills Mufasa, he must stop his uncle from conquering the Pride
Lands and avenge his father.
Development of The Lion King began in 1988 during a meeting
between
Jeffrey Katzenberg,
Roy E. Disney and
Peter Schneider while promoting
Oliver & Company in Europe.
Thomas Disch wrote a
film treatment, and Woolverton developed the first scripts while
George Scribner was signed on as director, being later joined by
Allers. Production began in 1991, with most of the animators
inexperienced or uninterested in animals as most of the Disney team
wanted to work on
Pocahontas instead. Some time after the staff traveled to
Hell's Gate National Park to research on the film's setting and
animals, Scribner left production disagreeing with the decision to turn
the film into a musical, and was replaced by Minkoff. When Hahn joined
the project, he was dissatisfied with the script and the story was
promptly rewritten. Nearly 20 minutes of animation sequences took place
at
Disney-MGM Studios in Florida.
Computer animation was also used in several scenes, most notably in
the wildebeest stampede scene.
The Lion King was released on June 15, 1994[2]
to a positive reaction from critics, who praised the film for its music
and story. It also earned a rare "A+" rating from
CinemaScore.[5]
Following a
3D
re-release in 2011, with earnings of over US$951 million worldwide as of
2011, the film is the highest-grossing hand-drawn film in history,[6]
the highest-grossing 2D animated film in the United States,[7]
and the
21st-highest-grossing feature film. The Lion King garnered
two
Academy Awards for its achievement in music and the
Golden Globe Award for
Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. Its songs were written by
composer
Elton John and lyricist
Tim
Rice, with an original score by
Hans Zimmer.[8]
The film was dedicated to
Frank Wells, who died in a helicopter crash early in 1994.
A
Broadway adaptation of the film opened in 1997, and won six
Tony Awards, including
Best Musical. As of April 2012 it is the highest grossing Broadway
musical of all time.[9]
Disney followed the film with two
direct-to-video productions, the sequel
The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) and the prequel/parallel
The Lion King 1½ (2004).
Plot
In the Pride Lands of Africa, a lion king rules over the other
animals, who celebrate the birth of future king
Simba,
son of King Mufasa (James
Earl Jones) and Queen Sarabi (Madge
Sinclair) at Pride Rock. Mufasa's younger brother, Scar (Jeremy
Irons), is jealous and resentful of Simba, who replaces Scar as heir
to the throne. A few months later, as Simba (Jonathan
Taylor Thomas) grows into a curious lion cub, Mufasa gives him a
tour of the Pride Lands, teaching him the responsibilities of being a
king. Later that day, Scar tricks Simba into exploring an
elephant graveyard, forbidden by Mufasa, with his best friend,
female lion cub Nala (Niketa
Calame), despite the protests of Mufasa's
hornbill
majordomo Zazu (Rowan
Atkinson). At the graveyard, the cubs are attacked by three
spotted hyenas,
Shenzi, Banzai and Ed (Whoopi
Goldberg,
Cheech Marin and
Jim Cummings) before Mufasa, having been alerted to the scene by
Zazu, rescues them and willingly forgives Simba for his actions. Later
that night, the hyenas, who are allianced with Scar, plot with him to
kill Mufasa and Simba, who are both unaware of their intentions.
The next day Scar lures Simba to a gorge and tells him to wait there
while he gets Mufasa. On Scar's orders, the hyenas stampede a large herd
of
wildebeest into the gorge where Simba is. Mufasa rescues Simba, but
as Mufasa tries to climb up the gorge's walls, Scar throws him back into
the stampede, killing him. After Simba finds Mufasa's body in the gorge,
Scar tricks him into thinking that Mufasa's death is his fault and
commands him to run away forever. As Simba leaves, Scar orders the
hyenas to kill Simba, but the cub escapes. Scar then announces that both
Mufasa and Simba were killed in the stampede and steps forward as the
new king, allowing a swarm of hyenas to live in the Pride Lands.
Simba, now far from home, collapses in a desert from exhaustion, but
is found by
Timon and Pumbaa (Nathan
Lane and
Ernie Sabella), a
meerkat
and a
warthog who nurse him back to health. Timon and Pumbaa then take
Simba in to live with them in the jungle, and the lion lives a carefree
life under the motto "hakuna
matata" ("no worries"). Years later, Simba (Matthew
Brodrick), now an adult, rescues Timon and Pumbaa from a hungry
lioness, who turns out to be Nala (Moira
Kelly). The two reconcile and fall in love. Nala tries to get Simba
to come back home, telling him the Pride Lands have become a wasteland
with not enough food and water. Still feeling guilty over his father's
death, Simba refuses and storms off, leaving Nala disappointed and
angry.
Wise
mandrill Rafiki (Robert
Guillaume), a former adviser and friend of Mufasa's, tracks Simba
down, telling him that Mufasa is still "alive" and taking him to a pond
where he is visited by the ghost of Mufasa, who tells him that he must
take his rightful place as the true king of the Pride Lands. Simba then
realizes that he can no longer run from his past and goes back home.
Nala, Timon, and Pumbaa join him, and agree to help him fight.
At the Pride Lands, Simba confronts Scar. Scar taunts Simba over his
"part" in Mufasa's death, but when Scar pushes Simba to the edge of
Pride Rock, he admits that he killed Mufasa. Enraged, Simba jumps back
up and forces Scar to reveal the truth to the other lions. Timon,
Pumbaa, Rafiki and the lionesses fight off the hyenas while Scar,
attempting to escape, is cornered by Simba at the top of Pride Rock.
Scar begs Simba for mercy, saying he is family and places the blame on
the hyenas. Simba says he does not believe Scar anymore, but spares his
life and commands him to forever leave the Pride Lands. Scar meekly
walks past him, but then attacks his nephew. After a fierce battle,
Simba throws his uncle off Pride Rock. Scar survives the fall, but is
attacked and killed by the hyenas, who overheard his attempt to betray
them.
With Scar and the hyenas gone, Simba descends from the top of Pride
Rock and takes over the kingdom as the rain falls again. Sometime later,
Pride Rock is restored to its former glory and Simba looks down happily
at his kingdom with Nala, Timon, and Pumbaa by his side; Rafiki presents
Simba and Nala's newborn cub to the inhabitants of the Pride Lands and
the "circle of life" continues.
Cast
A promotional image of the characters from the film. From
left to right: Shenzi, Scar, Ed, Banzai, Rafiki, Young
Simba, Mufasa, Young Nala, Sarabi, Zazu, Sarafina, Timon,
and Pumbaa
-
Matthew Broderick as
Simba
– Mufasa and Sarabi's son, who becomes King of the Pride Lands.
Joseph Williams provides Simba's adult singing voice.
Mark Henn and
Ruben A. Aquino respectively served as the supervising animators
for the young and adult Simba.
-
James Earl Jones as Mufasa – Simba's father, the King of the
Pride Lands as the film begins. Tony Fucile served as the
supervising animator for Mufasa.
-
Jeremy Irons as Scar – Mufasa's younger brother and Simba's
uncle, who usurps the throne.
Andreas Deja served as the supervising animator for Scar.
-
Moira Kelly as Nala – Simba's best friend and later his wife.
Sally Dworsky respectively provided her singing voices. Aaron
Blaise and
Anthony de Rosa respectively served as the supervising animators
for young and adult Nala.
-
Niketa Calame does the voice of young Nala while Laura
Williams does her young singing voice
-
Nathan Lane and
Ernie Sabella as
Timon and Pumbaa, respectively – Simba's
meerkat and
warthog friends. Michael Surrey and
Tony Bancroft respectively served as the supervising animators
for Timon and Pumbaa.
-
Robert Guillaume as Rafiki – a wise old
mandrill (although he is referred to as a
baboon)
who serves as shaman of the Pride Lands and presents newborn cubs of
the King and Queen to the animals of the Pride Lands.
James Baxter served as the supervising animator for Rafiki.
-
Rowan Atkinson as Zazu – a
hornbill who serves as the king's
majordomo (or "majordodo", as he refers to himself in the film,
and "Mufasa's little stooge" as Shenzi identifies him).
Ellen Woodbury served as the supervising animator for Zazu.
-
Madge Sinclair as Sarabi – Mufasa's queen, Simba's mother and
the leader of the lioness hunting party.
Russ Edmonds served as the supervising animator for Sarabi.
-
Whoopi Goldberg,
Cheech Marin and
Jim Cummings as Shenzi, Banzai and Ed, respectively – the three
members of the
hyena trio who serve Scar. Alex Kupershmidt and David Burgess
animated the hyenas. Cummings also voiced a
gopher
that talks with Zazu and replaced Irons as Scar in certain lines of
"Be
Prepared" after Irons blew his voice.[10]
- Zoe Leader as Sarafina – Nala's mother, who is shown briefly
talking to Simba's mother, Sarabi.
Production
Development
The idea for The Lion King was conceived in late 1988 during a
conversation between
Jeffrey Katzenberg,
Roy E. Disney and
Peter Schneider on a plane to Europe to promote
Oliver & Company. During the conversation, the topic of a story
set in Africa came up, and Katzenberg immediately jumped at the idea.[11]
Producer
Thomas Schumacher, who had just completed
The Rescuers Down Under, decided to attach himself to the
project "because lions are cool". The idea was then developed by
Walt Disney Feature Animation's vice president for creative affairs
Charlie Fink.[12]
Katzenberg decided to add elements involving coming of age and death,[13]
and ideas from personal life experiences, such as some of his trials in
his bumpy road in politics, saying about the film, "It is a little bit
about myself."[13]
In November of that year
Thomas Disch (author of
The Brave Little Toaster) wrote a
treatment entitled King of the Kalahari,[14]
and afterwards
Linda Woolverton spent a year writing drafts of the script, which
was titled King of the Beasts and then King of the Jungle.[12]
The original version of the film was very different from the final film.
The plot was centered in a battle being between lions and baboons with
Scar being the leader of the baboons, Rafiki being a cheetah,[13]
and Timon and Pumbaa being Simba's childhood friends.
Simba would also not leave the kingdom, but become a "lazy, slovenly,
horrible character" due to manipulations from Scar, so Simba could be
overthrown after coming of age.[12]
Oliver & Company director
George Scribner was the initial director of the film,[16]
being later joined by
Roger Allers, who was the lead story man on
Beauty and the Beast in October 1991.[11]
Allers brought with him
Brenda Chapman, who would become the head of story.[12]
Afterwards, several of the lead crew members, including Allers,
Scribner, Hahn, Chapman, and production designer
Chris Sanders, took a trip to
Hell's Gate National Park in Kenya, in order to study and gain an
appreciation of the environment for the film.[17]
After six months of story development work Scribner decided to leave the
project, as he clashed with Allers and the producers on their decision
to turn the film into a musical, as Scribner's intention was of making a
documentary-like film more focused on natural aspects.[11][18]
Rob Minkoff replaced Scribner, and producer
Don
Hahn joined the production. Hahn found the script unfocused and
lacking a clear theme, and after establishing the main theme as "leaving
childhood and facing up to the realities of the world", asked for a
final retool. Allers, Minkoff, Chapman and Hahn then rewrote the story
across two weeks of meetings with directors
Kirk
Wise and
Gary Trousdale, who had just finished Beauty and the Beast.[17]
The script also had its title changed from King of the Jungle to
The Lion King, as the setting was not the jungle but the
savannah.[11]
The Lion King was the first Disney animated feature to be an
original story, rather than being based on an already-existing work. The
filmmakers have said that the story of The Lion King was inspired
by the
Joseph and
Moses
stories from the Bible and
William Shakespeare's
Hamlet.[19]
During the summer of 1992, the team was joined by screenwriter
Irene Mecchi, with a second screenwriter,
Jonathan Roberts, joining a few months later. Mecchi and Roberts
took charge of the revision process, fixing unresolved emotional issues
in the script and adding comic business for Pumbaa, Timon and the
hyenas.[20]
Lyricist
Tim
Rice worked closely with the writing team, flying to California at
least once a month, as his songs needed to work in the narrative
continuity. Rice's lyrics – which were reworked up to the production's
end – were even pinned to the
storyboards during development.[17]
Rewrites were frequent, with animator
Andreas Deja saying that completed scenes would be delivered only
for the response to be that parts needed to be reanimated due to dialog
changes.[12]
Casting
The voice actors were chosen for how they fit and could add to the
characters – for instance,
James Earl Jones was cast because the directors found his voice
"powerful" and similar to a lion's roar.
Nathan Lane originally auditioned for Zazu, and
Ernie Sabella for one of the hyenas. Upon meeting each other at the
recording studio, the actors, who at the time both co-starred in
Guys and Dolls, were asked to record together as hyenas. The
directors laughed at their performance and decided to cast them as Timon
and Pumbaa.[21][22]
For the hyenas, the original intention was to reunite
Cheech & Chong, but while
Cheech Marin accepted to play Banzai,
Tommy Chong was unavailable. Thus his role was changed into a female
hyena, Shenzi, who was voiced by
Whoopi Goldberg.
Animation
"The Lion King was considered a little movie because
we were going to take some risks. The pitch for the story
was a lion cub gets framed for murder by his uncle set to
the music of Elton John. People said, 'What? Good luck with
that.' But for some reason, the people who ended up on the
movie were highly passionate about it and motivated."
The development of The Lion King started concurrently with
Pocahontas, which most of the animators of
Walt Disney Feature Animation decided to work on instead, believing
it would be the more prestigious and successful of the two.[19]
The story artists also did not have much faith in the project, with
Brenda Chapman declaring she was reluctant to accept the job
"because the story wasn't very good",[12]
and writer
Burny Mattinson saying to co-worker
Joe
Ranft about the film that "I don't know who is going to want to
watch that one."[18]
Most of the leading animators were either doing their first major work
supervising a character, or had much interest in animating an animal.[13]
Thirteen of these supervising animators, both in California and Florida,
were responsible for establishing the personalities and setting the tone
for the film's main characters. The animation leads for the main
characters included
Mark
Henn on young Simba,
Ruben A. Aquino on adult Simba,
Andreas Deja on Scar, Aaron Blaise on young Nala,
Anthony DeRosa on adult Nala, and Tony Fucile on Mufasa.[20]
Nearly 20 minutes of the film, including the "I Just Can't Wait to Be
King" sequence,
were animated at the
Disney-MGM Studios facility. Ultimately, more than 600 artists,
animators and technicians contributed to The Lion King over the
course of its production.[16]
Weeks before the film was to be released, production was affected by the
1994 Northridge earthquake, which shut off the studio and required
the animators to finish their work from home.[23]
The character animators studied real-life animals for reference, as
was done for the 1942 Disney film
Bambi.
Jim
Fowler, renowned wildlife expert, visited the studios on several
occasions with an assortment of lions and other savannah inhabitants to
discuss behavior and help the animators give their drawings an authentic
feel.[17]
The Pride Lands are modeled on the Kenyan national park visited by the
crew. Varied focal lengths and lenses were employed to differ from the
habitual portrayal of Africa in documentaries – which employ
telephoto lenses to shoot the wildlife from a distance. The epic
feel drew inspiration from concept studies by artist Hans Bacher –
which, following Scribner's request for realism, tried to depict effects
such as
lens flare – and the works of painters
Charles Marion Russell,
Frederic Remington and
Maxfield Parrish.[17][24]
Since the characters were not anthropomorphized, all the animators had
to learn to draw four-legged animals, and the story and character
development was done through usage of longer shots following the
characters.
The use of computers helped the filmmakers present their vision in
new ways. The most notable use of
computer animation is in the "wildebeest stampede" sequence. Several
distinct wildebeest characters were created in a 3D computer program,
multiplied into hundreds,
cel shaded to look like drawn animation, and given randomized paths
down a mountainside to simulate the real, unpredictable movement of a
herd.
[25]
Five specially trained animators and technicians spent more than two
years creating the two-and-a-half minute stampede sequence.[20]
Other usages of computer animation were done through
CAPS, which helped simulate camera movements such as
tracking shots, and was employed on the coloring, lighting and
particle effects.
The enthusiastic audience reception to an early Lion King
film trailer, which consisted solely of the opening sequence with
the song "Circle of Life", suggested that the film would be very
successful. While both The Lion King and Pocahontas were
commercial successes, The Lion King received more positive
feedback and earned larger grosses than did Pocahontas, released
one year later.[26][27][28]
The complex wildebeest stampede scene took nearly three years to
animate.[29]
Soundtrack
Lyricist
Tim
Rice, who was working with composer
Alan Menken on songs for
Aladdin, was invited to write the songs, and accepted on the
condition of finding a composing partner. As Menken was unavailable, the
producers accepted Rice's suggestion of
Elton John,[22]
after Rice's invitation of
ABBA fell
through due to
Benny Andersson being busy with the musical
Kristina från Duvemåla.[13]
John expressed an interest in writing "ultra-pop songs that kids would
like; then adults can go and see those movies and get just as much
pleasure out of them", mentioning a possible influence of
The Jungle Book, where he felt the "music was so funny and
appealed to kids and adults".[30]
John and Rice wrote five original songs for this film ("Circle
of Life", "I
Just Can't Wait to Be King", "Be
Prepared", "Hakuna
Matata" and "Can
You Feel the Love Tonight") with the singer's performance of "Can
You Feel the Love Tonight" over the end credits.[31]
The IMAX
and DVD releases added another song, "The Morning Report", which was
based on a song discarded during development that eventually got
featured in
the live musical version of The Lion King.[32]
The film's score was composed by
Hans Zimmer, who was hired based on his work in two films in African
settings,
The Power of One and
A World Apart,[17]
and supplemented the score with traditional African music and choir
elements arranged by
Lebo M.[31]
The film's original motion picture soundtrack was released on July
13, 1994. It was the fourth-best-selling album of the year on the
Billboard 200 and the top-selling soundtrack.[33]
It is the only soundtrack for an animated film to be
Diamond certified (10x platinum). A
bootleg recording exists of Hans Zimmer's complete instrumental
score for the film, but it has never been given a full release by
Disney.[34][35]
The use of the song "The
Lion Sleeps Tonight" in a scene with Timon and Pumbaa has led to
disputes between Disney and the family of South African
Solomon Linda, who composed the song (originally titled "Mbube") in
1939. In July 2004, the family filed suit, seeking $1.6 million in
royalties from Disney. In February 2006, Linda's heirs reached a legal
settlement with Abilene Music, who held the worldwide rights and had
licensed the song to Disney for an undisclosed amount of money.[36]
Release
Promotion
Upon release, The Lion King was accompanied by an extensive
marketing campaign which included tie-ins with
Burger King,
Mattel,
Kodak,
Nestlé and
Payless ShoeSource, and various merchandise,[37]
accounting 186 licensed products.[38][39]
In 1994, Disney earned approximately $1 billion with products based on
the film,[40]
with $214 million alone for Lion King toys during Christmas 1994.[41]
Box office
The Lion King earned $422,783,777 in North America and an
estimated $528,800,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of
$951,583,777.[4]
It is the
second-highest-grossing animated film of all time worldwide and the
highest-grossing film of
Walt Disney Animation Studios. It is also the highest-grossing
motion picture of
1994 worldwide.[42]
After its initial run, having earned $768.6 million,[43]
it ranked as the second-highest grossing film of all time worldwide,
behind
Jurassic Park .[44]
It held the record for the highest-grossing animated feature film (in
North America, outside North America, and worldwide) until it was
surpassed by the
computer animated
Finding Nemo (2003),
Shrek 2
(2004),
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009) and
Toy Story 3 (2010). During its 3D re-release, The Lion King
surpassed all but Toy Story 3 to rank as the
second-highest-grossing animated film worldwide, and the
highest-grossing hand-drawn animation.[45]
It is also the biggest animated movie of the last 50 years in terms of
estimated attendance.[46]
As of 2013, it ranks as the
21st highest-grossing film worldwide.[47]
Original
theatrical run
The Lion King had a limited release in North America on June
15, 1994, playing in only two theaters,
El Capitan Theater in Los Angeles and
Radio City Music Hall in New York City. It still earned $1,586,753
across the weekend of June 17–19, standing at the tenth place of the box
office ranking.[48]
The average of $793,377 per theater stands as the largest ever achieved
during a weekend.[49]
The wide release followed on June 24, 1994, in 2,550 theaters. The
Lion King grossed $40.9 million – which at the time was the fourth
biggest opening weekend earning ever and the highest sum for a Disney
film – to top the weekend box office.[16]
By the end of its theatrical run, in spring 1995, it had earned
$312,855,561,[4]
being the second-highest-grossing 1994 film in North America behind
Forrest Gump.[50]
Outside North America, it earned $455.8 million during its initial run,
for a worldwide total of $768.6 million.[43]
Re-releases
IMAX and
large-format
The film was re-issued on December 25, 2002 for
IMAX and
large-format theaters. On its first weekend, it made $2.7 million
from 66 locations, a $27,664 per theater average. This run ended with
$15,686,215 on May 30, 2003.[51]
3D conversion
In 2011, The Lion King was converted to
3D
for a two-week limited theatrical re-issue and subsequent 3D
Blu-ray release.[52][53]
The film opened at the number one spot on Friday, September 16, 2011
with $8.9 million[54]
and finished the weekend with $30.2 million, ranking number one at the
box office.[55]
This made The Lion King the first re-issue release to earn the
number-one slot at the American weekend box office since the re-issue of
Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi in March 1997.[45]
The film also achieved the fourth-highest September opening weekend of
all time.[56]
It held off very well on its second weekend, again earning first place
at the box office with a 27% decline to $21.9 million.[57]
Most box-office observers had expected the film to fall about 50% in its
second weekend and were also expecting
Moneyball to be at first place.[58]
After its initial box-office success, many theaters decided to
continue to show the film for more than two weeks, even though its 3D
Blu-ray release was scheduled for two-and-a-half weeks after its
theatrical release.[57]
In North America, the 3D re-release ended its run in theaters on January
12, 2012 with a gross $94,242,001. Outside North America, it earned
$83,400,000.[59]
The successful 3D re-release of The Lion King made Disney and
Pixar
plan 3D theatrical re-releases of
Beauty and the Beast,
Finding Nemo,
Monsters, Inc., and
The Little Mermaid during 2012 and 2013.[60]
However, none of the re-releases of the first three films achieved the
enormous success of The Lion King in 3D and the re-release of the
The Little Mermaid was ultimately cancelled.[61][62][63][64]
In 2012, Ray Subers of Box Office Mojo wrote that the reason why
the 3D version of The Lion King succeeded was because, "the
notion of a 3D re-release was still fresh and exciting, and The Lion
King (3D) felt timely given the movie's imminent Blu-ray release.
Audiences have been hit with three 3D re-releases in the year since,
meaning the novelty value has definitely worn off."[65]
Critical response
The Lion King was released to critical acclaim and at
Rotten Tomatoes, based on 96 reviews collected, the film has an
overall approval rating of 90%, with a
weighted average score of 8.2/10.[27]
Metacritic, which assigns a
normalized 0–100 rating to reviews from mainstream critics,
calculated an average score of 83 from the 14 reviews it collected.[66]
Chicago Sun-Times film critic
Roger Ebert gave it 3 1/2 out of 4-stars and called the film "a
superbly drawn animated feature" and, in his print review wrote, "The
saga of Simba, which in its deeply buried origins owes something to
Greek tragedy and certainly to Hamlet, is a learning experience
as well as an entertainment."[67]
On the television program
Siskel & Ebert the film was praised but received a mixed
reaction when compared to previous Disney films.
Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert both gave the film a "Thumbs Up" but
Siskel said that it was not as good as earlier films such as
Beauty and the Beast and was "a good film, not a great one".[68]
Hal Hinson of
The Washington Post called it "an impressive, almost daunting
achievement" and felt that the film was "spectacular in a manner that
has nearly become commonplace with Disney's feature-length animations",
but was less enthusiastic toward the end of his review saying,
"Shakespearean in tone, epic in scope, it seems more appropriate for
grown-ups than for kids. If truth be told, even for adults it is
downright strange."[69]
Owen Gleiberman, film critic for
Entertainment Weekly, praised the film and wrote that it "has
the resonance to stand not just as a terrific cartoon but as an
emotionally pungent movie".[70]
Rolling Stone film critic
Peter Travers praised the film and felt that it was "a hugely
entertaining blend of music, fun and eye-popping thrills, though it
doesn't lack for heart".[71]
The staff of
TV
Guide wrote that "The film has some of Disney's most spectacular
animation yet—particularly in the wildebeest stampede—and strong vocal
performances, especially by skilled Broadway comedian Nathan Lane.
However, it suffers from a curiously undeveloped story line."[72]
James Berardinelli, film critic for ReelViews, praised the
film saying, "With each new animated release, Disney seems to be
expanding its already-broad horizons a little more. The Lion King is the
most mature (in more than one sense) of these films, and there clearly
has been a conscious effort to please adults as much as children.
Happily, for those of us who generally stay far away from 'cartoons',
they have succeeded."[73]
Accolades
The Lion King received four
Golden Globe and
Academy Award nominations. The film would go on to win two Golden
Globes, for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Original
Score,[74]
as well as two Academy Awards, for Best Original Score (by
Hans Zimmer) and Best Original Song with "Can
You Feel the Love Tonight" by
Elton John and
Tim
Rice.[75]
The songs "Circle
of Life" and "Hakuna
Matata" were also nominated.[75]
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight" also won the
BMI Film Music Award, and the
Grammy Award for Best Male Vocal Performance.[76][77]
The film also won
Annie Awards for
Best Animated Feature, Best Achievement in Voice Acting (for
Jeremy Irons) and Best Individual Achievement for Story Contribution
in the Field of Animation.[78]
At the
Saturn Awards, the film was nominated in two categories, Best
Fantasy Film and Best Performance by a Younger Actor although it did not
win in either category.[79][80]
The film also received two nominations at the
British Academy Film Awards, for Best Sound as well as the Anthony
Asquith Award for Film Music although it lost in both categories to
Speed and
Backbeat respectively.[81]
The film received two
BMI Film & TV Awards for Film Music and Most Performed Song with
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight."[82]
At the
1995 MTV Movie Awards the film received nominations for Best Villain
and Best Song, though it lost in both categories.[83]
The Lion King won the Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie at
the
1995 Kids' Choice Awards.[84]
In 2008, The Lion King was ranked as the 319th greatest film
ever made by
Empire magazine,[85]
and in June 2011,
TIME named it one of "The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films".[86]
In June 2008, the
American Film Institute listed The Lion King as the 4th best
film in the animation genre in its
AFI's 10 Top 10 list.[87]
AFI had also put "Hakuna Matata" as 99th on its
AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs ranking.[88]
Home media
The Lion King was first released on VHS and
laserdisc in the United States on March 3, 1995, under
Disney's "Masterpiece
Collection" video series. In addition, Deluxe Editions of both
formats were released. The VHS Deluxe Edition included the film, an
exclusive
lithograph of Rafiki and Simba (in some editions), a commemorative
"Circle of Life"
epigraph, six concept art lithographs, another tape with the
half-hour TV show The Making of The Lion King, and a certificate
of authenticity. The CAV laserdisc Deluxe Edition also contained the
film, six concept art lithographs and The Making of The Lion King,
and added storyboards, character design artwork, concept art, rough
animation, and a directors' commentary that the VHS edition did not
have, on a total of four double sided discs. The VHS tape quickly became
one of the best-selling videotapes of all time: 4.5 million tapes were
sold on the first day[89]
and ultimately sales totaled more than 30 million[90]
before these home video versions went into
moratorium in 1997.[91]
On October 7, 2003, the film was re-released on VHS and released on
DVD for the first time, titled The Lion King: Platinum Edition,
as part of Disney's
Platinum Edition line of animated classic DVDs. The DVD release
featured two versions of the film on the first disc, a remastered
version created for the 2002
IMAX
release and an edited version of the IMAX release purporting to be the
original 1994 theatrical version.[92]
A second disc, with bonus features, was also included in the DVD
release. The film's soundtrack was provided both in its original
Dolby 5.1 track and in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix,
making this one of the first Disney DVDs so equipped.[93]
By means of
seamless branching, the film could be viewed either with or without
a newly created scene – a short conversation in the film replaced with a
complete song ("The Morning Report"). A Special Collector's Gift Set was
also released, containing the DVD set, five exclusive lithographed
character portraits (new sketches created and signed by the original
character animators), and an introductory book entitled The Journey.[91]
The Platinum Edition of The Lion King featured changes made to
the film during its IMAX re-release, including re-drawn
crocodiles in the "I Just Can't Wait to Be King" sequence as well as
other alterations.[94]
More than two million copies of the Platinum Edition DVD and VHS units
were sold on the first day of release.[89]
A DVD boxed set of the three The Lion King films (in two-disc
Special Edition formats) was released on December 6, 2004. In January
2005, the film, along with the sequels, went back into moratorium.[95]
The
Diamond Edition of The Lion King was released on October 4,
2011.[52]
This marks the time that the film has been released in high-definition
Blu-ray and on
Blu-ray 3D.[52][96]
The initial release was produced in three different packages, a two-disc
version with Blu-ray and DVD, a four-disc version with Blu-ray, DVD,
Blu-ray 3D, and
digital copy, and an eight-disc
box set
which also included the sequels
The Lion King 2: Simba's Pride and
The Lion King 1½.[52][96]
A standalone single-disc DVD release also followed on November 15, 2011.[52]
The Diamond Edition topped the Blu-ray charts with over 1.5 million
copies sold.[97]
The film sold 3.83 million units on Blu-ray Disc in total (equivalent of
$101.14 million).[98]
Controversies
Certain elements of the film were considered to bear a resemblance to
a famous 1960s Japanese
anime
television show,
Kimba the White Lion, with characters having analogues, and
various individual scenes being nearly identical in composition and
camera angle. Matthew Broderick believed initially that he was in fact
working on a remake of Kimba, since he was familiar with the
Japanese original.[99]
Disney's official stance is that the similarities are all coincidental.[100]
Yoshihiro Shimizu, of
Tezuka Productions, which created Kimba the White Lion, has
refuted rumours that the studio was paid hush money by Disney but
explains that they rejected urges from within the industry to sue
because, "we're a small, weak company. It wouldn't be worth it
anyway ... Disney's lawyers are among the top twenty in the world!"[101]
Protests were raised against one scene where it appears as if the
word "SEX" might have been embedded into the dust flying in the sky when
Simba flops down,[102]
which conservative activist
Donald Wildmon asserted was a
subliminal message intended to promote
sexual promiscuity. The film's
animators have stated that the letters spell "SFX" (a common
abbreviation of "special effects"), and was intended as an innocent
"signature" created by the effects animation team.[103]
Hyena biologists protested against the animal's portrayal: one hyena
researcher sued Disney studios for
defamation of character,[104]
and another—who had organized the animators' visit to the
University of California's Field Station for Behavioural Research,
where they would observe and sketch captive hyenas—[105]
included
boycotting The Lion King as a way of helping to preserve
hyenas in the wild.[106]
The hyenas have also been interpreted to represent an anti-immigrant
allegory, where the hyenas would be black and Latino ethnic communities.[107][108][109][110]
Legacy
Sequels and
spin-offs
Between 1995 and 1999, the characters of Timon and Pumbaa received
their own animated show,
The Lion King's Timon and Pumbaa, which ran for three seasons
and 85 episodes. Ernie Sabella continued to voice Pumbaa, while Timon
was voiced by
Quinton Flynn and
Kevin Schon in addition to Nathan Lane himself.
In 1998, a sequel entitled
The Lion King 2: Simba's Pride was released on VHS. The film
centers around Simba's daughter, Kiara, who falls in love with Kovu, a
male lion who was raised in a pride of Scar's followers, the Outsiders.
2004 saw the release of another Lion King film on DVD,
The Lion King 1½. It is a prequel in showing how Timon and
Pumbaa met each other, and a
parallel in that it also depicts what the characters were
retconned to have done during the events of the original movie.
Video games
Along with the film release, three different video games based on
The Lion King were released by
Virgin Interactive on December 1994. The main title was developed by
Westwood Studios, and published for
PC and
Amiga computers and the consoles
SNES and
Sega Mega Drive/Genesis. Dark Technologies created the
Game
Boy version, while Syrox Developments handled the
Master System and
Game Gear version.
Another adaptation by
Torus Games,
The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure, telling the story of
both The Lion King and Simba's Pride, was released in 2000
for the
Game Boy Color and
PlayStation.[111]
Timon and Pumbaa also appeared in
Timon & Pumbaa's Jungle Games, a 1995 PC game collection of
puzzle games by
7th
Level, later ported to the SNES by
Tiertex.
Simba is a recurring
summon in the
Kingdom Hearts series by
Square Enix,[112][113]
and
Kingdom Hearts II features a playable The Lion King world
known as Pride Lands, with a plotline loosely related to the
later part of the original film. All of the main characters except
Zazu and
Sarabi appear.[114]
Simba was also featured in the
Nintendo DS title
Disney Friends.
Musical adaptation
A
musical adaptation with the same name premiered in
Minneapolis, Minnesota in July 1997, opening on
Broadway in October 1997 at the
New Amsterdam Theatre. It won six
Tony Awards including
Best Musical. The show moved to the
Minskoff Theatre in 2006 and is still running to this day. It is now
Broadway's
seventh longest-running show in history. The show's financial
success led to other productions in North America and all over the
world.
A live-action 30-minute musical revue of the movie, "Festival
of the Lion King," opened in April 1998 in
Disney's Animal Kingdom park at
Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida, and in September 2005 in
Adventureland in
Hong Kong Disneyland. It features animatronic puppets of Simba and
Pummba and a costumed actor as Timon, as well as other live actors. It
does not follow the plot of the movie, but incorporates the musical
numbers into audience participation and gymnastic routines.
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BradyGames.
ISBN 978-0-7440-0198-3.
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Jump up ^
Hollinger, Elizabeth (2004). Kingdom Hearts: Chain of
Memories Official Strategy Guide.
BradyGames Publishing.
ISBN 978-0-7440-0473-1.
-
Jump up ^
Hollinger, Elizabeth (2006). Kingdom Hearts II Official
Strategy Guide.
BradyGames Publishing.
ISBN 978-0-7440-0526-4.
External links
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DA INGLESE A ITALIANO
Inserire
nella casella Traduci la parola
INGLESE e cliccare
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DA ITALIANO A INGLESE
Impostare INGLESE anziché italiano e
ripetere la procedura descritta.
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