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German federal election 2013
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Spelling reform
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1000 basic English words
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None of the above
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WIKIMAG n. 11 - Ottobre 2013
German federal election
2013
Text is available under the
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Traduzione
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- Togli il segno di spunta per disattivarla
German federal election, 2013
|
2009 ←
|
22 September
2013
|
→ Next
|
|
|
All
630 seats in the
Bundestag
316 seats were needed for a majority |
|
First party |
Second party |
|
|
|
Leader |
Angela Merkel |
Peer Steinbrück |
Party |
CDU/CSU |
SPD |
Leader since |
10 April 2000 |
28 September
2012
(as chancellor candidate) |
Leader's seat |
Vorpommern-Rügen – Vorpommern-Greifswald I |
North Rhine-Westphalia (List) |
Last election |
239 seats,
33.8% |
146 seats,
23.0% |
Seats won |
311 seats |
192 seats |
Seat change |
72 |
46 |
Popular vote |
18,157,256 |
11,247,283 |
Percentage |
41.5% |
25.7% |
Swing |
7.8 |
2.7 |
|
|
Third party |
Fourth party |
|
|
|
Leader |
Katja Kipping and
Bernd Riexinger |
Katrin Göring-Eckardt and
Jürgen Trittin |
Party |
The Left |
Green |
Leader since |
2 June 2012 |
10 November
2012 (as top candidates) |
Leader's seat |
Saxony (List)
―
(did not run in 2009) |
Thuringia (List)
―
Lower Saxony (List) |
Last election |
76 seats,
11.9% |
68 seats,
10.7% |
Seats won |
64 seats |
63 seats |
Seat change |
12 |
5 |
Popular vote |
3,752,577 |
3,690,314 |
Percentage |
8.6% |
8.4% |
Swing |
3.3 |
2.3 |
|
|
A federal election was held on 22 September 2013 to elect the
members of the 18th
Bundestag of
Germany.[1]
The
Christian Democratic Union/Christian
Social Union (CDU/CSU)
of Chancellor
Angela Merkel won their best result since
1990, with nearly 42% of the vote and nearly 50% of the seats.
However, their coalition partner the
Free Democrats (FDP) failed to get over 5% of the vote thus denying
them seats in the Bundestag for the first time in their history. As a
result, Merkel will have to look to the opposition
Social Democrats (SPD) for a
grand coalition, or to
the Greens to form a majority government, though the latter option
is seen as less likely by both parties.[2]
While a theoretical Red-Green coalition of SPD,
The Left, and the Greens would possess a majority, resistance
against the Left Party remains widespread among SPD and some Green
politicians.[2]
Background
In the last
federal election in 2009, the
Christian Democratic Union (CDU); its Bavarian sister party, the
Christian Social Union (CSU); and the
Free Democratic Party (FDP) won the election with
Angela Merkel as
Chancellor and
Guido Westerwelle as
Vice-Chancellor.[3]
Date
The date of the German federal election is governed by the
Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany's de facto
constitution) and the Federal Election Law (Bundeswahlgesetz).
Article 39 of the Basic Law states that the Bundestag shall be
elected between 46 and 48 months after the beginning of the legislative
period.[4]
As the 17th Bundestag convened on 27 October 2009, the election was
scheduled between 27 August and 27 October 2013.[5]
To avoid school holidays, a date in late September is usually chosen;
this made 15 or 22 September 2013 the most likely dates.[6]
Indeed, the Federal President ordered 22 September 2013 to be the
election day upon the recommendation of the federal government.[7]
Polling stations were open from 8:00 to 18:00.[1]
Electoral system
The Bundestag is elected using
mixed-member proportional representation. Voters have 2 votes: with
their first they elect a member of Bundestag for their constituency,
with the second they vote for a party. Subject to a party obtaining a
minimum threshold vote, the overall seat assignment in the Bundestag
is proportionally distributed according to the second (party) votes. A
party who wins more districts in a given state than it is entitled to
according to the number of party votes it received in that state keeps
these
"overhang" seats. A party must either win 5 percent of the vote or
at least three constituency seats in order to qualify for MMP.
In 2008, some modifications to the electoral system were required
under an order of the
Federal Constitutional Court. The court had found a provision in the
Federal Election Law by which it was possible for a party to experience
a
negative vote weight, thus losing seats due to more
votes, violated the constitutional guarantee of the electoral system
being equal and direct.[8]
The court allowed three years for these changes, so the
2009 federal election was not affected. The changes were due by 30
June 2011, but appropriate legislation was not completed by that
deadline. A new electoral law was enacted in late 2011, but declared
unconstitutional once again by the Federal Constitutional Court upon
lawsuits from the opposition parties and a group of some 4,000 private
citizens.[9]
Finally, four of the five factions in the Bundestag agreed on an
electoral reform whereby the number of seats in the Bundestag will be
increased as much as necessary to ensure that any overhang seats are
compensated through apportioned
leveling seats, to ensure full proportionality according to the
political party's share of party votes at the national level.[10]
The Bundestag approved and enacted the new electoral reform in February
2013.[11]
Chancellor-candidates
Although the "chancellor-candidates" (Kanzlerkandidaten) play
a very important role in election campaigns, their "office" is not
regulated in any law. So it is up to each party to determine how (and if
at all) to name a "chancellor-candidate".
The SPD names a chancellor-candidate while the CDU and the CSU name a
common one. The smaller Bundestag parties (FDP, Left and Greens) usually[12]
do not name a chancellor-candidate as it is very improbable for such a
candidate to actually be elected chancellor. They instead name one or
two persons (Spitzenkandidaten) who are to become the faces of
that party's campaign. Fringe parties sometimes name a
chancellor-candidate[13]
although there is nearly no chance for them to win seats in the
Bundestag (especially due to the required minimum quota of votes
required to be granted any seats) much less have their candidate become
chancellor.
While a sitting chancellor is usually named chancellor-candidate for
his or her own party, the main opposition party's process to determine
their chancellor-candidate differs. Most times, such a person is
determined in an inner party circle and then anointed in a party
convention.
As the CDU/CSU is the main government party, CDU chairwoman (and
incumbent chancellor)
Angela Merkel was not challenged as chancellor-candidate. In the
SPD, the situation was a bit less clear: There were four candidates in
the discussion. While
Sigmar Gabriel, the party chairman,
Frank-Walter Steinmeier, the parliamentary caucus leader, and
Peer Steinbrück, former minister-president of Nordrhein-Westfalen
and former federal minister of Finance, were quasi-official contenders
for the candidacy, incumbent Nordrhein-Westfalen minister-president
Hannelore Kraft denied interest in the candidacy.[14]
Gabriel, Steinmeier and Steinbrück all had a bad electoral record as
they all had led their party into painful defeats in state or general
elections (Gabriel and Steinbrück lost their inherited
minister-president offices in 2003 and 2005, Steinmeier failed as a
chancellor-candidate in 2009). On 28 September 2012, the party announced
that Steinbrück would be the SPD's chancellor-candidate.[15]
Campaign
After taking heat domestically for bailing out other European
countries, Finance Minister
Wolfgang Schäuble took the step of mentioning that Greece would need
a third bailout. This was in stark contrast to his colleagues who had
refrained from making such measures in light of the election, it
particularly followed Chancellor Angela Merkel's dismissal of a
potential future bailout. In reaction to the statement and the
dithering, the Social Democrats' Peer Steinbrueck said that it was "time
that Ms. Merkel tells people the truth;" while the Greens'
Jürgen Trittin also criticized Merkel.[16]
Merkel also became the first chancellor to visit
Dachau concentration camp after an invitation by former inmate
Max Mannheimer, who leads a survivor group. She said: "What happened
at the concentration camps was and continues to be incomprehensible,"
while also warning of a rising tide of anti-Semitism and racism as a
threat to democracy in Europe. Her visit was welcomed by residents of
the town due to its historic nature but was also suggested as a vote
ploy ahead of the election.[17]
She also campaigned on Germany's unemployment record that fell to a
two-decade low during her premiership, progress towards a balanced
budget and the eurozone's advantages for Germany’s exports. However,
there were questions asked about her legacy and a potential heir to the
party leadership.[18]
Campaigning in the "hot phase"[19]
ended on 21 September as Merkel appealed to voters to support her
against
eurosceptics.[20]
Televised debates
A 90-minute televised debate between the two leading contenders was
held on 1 September.[21]
The smaller-party top-ranking candidates
Rainer Brüderle (FDP),
Jürgen Trittin (Bündnis 90/Grüne) and
Gregor Gysi (Die Linke) held a separate debate on September 2.
Opinion polling
In Germany, there are regular opinion polls during the whole of the
legislative period. Germany's major polling agencies are
Allensbach, Emnid,
Forsa, Forschungsgruppe Wahlen, GMS, Infratest dimap and INSA/YouGov.
August 2013 opinion polls suggested that the CDU/CSU and FDP
(black–yellow coalition) would be just short of or just above an
absolute majority, rather than the SPD and Greens (red–green coalition),
partners in the 1998–2005
Schröder government.[22]
Results
The
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the
Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) scored 42 percent of the
vote, their best result since tallying 44% in the
1990 election. Since some 15 percent of the vote went to parties
that fell short of the 5% threshold, the CDU/CSU came up just five seats
short of a majority. The CDU/CSU is the only German party to have ever
won an outright majority in a free election, in
1957 under
Konrad Adenauer. The Free Democratic Party (FDP), junior partner in
the outgoing
coalition government, failed to pass the 5% threshold and therefore
went without representation for the first time in the party's history. A
new eurosceptic party, the
Alternative for Germany, nearly won seats but like the FDP was shut
out by narrowly missing the 5% threshold.[23][24]
This will also mean that only four parties will form the Bundestag for
the first time since the
1987 election (CDU/CSU operate as one Bundestag group).
e • d Summary
of the 22 September 2013 German
Bundestag election results[25]
Parties |
Constituency |
Party list |
Total seats |
Votes |
% |
+/− |
Seats |
+/− |
Votes |
% |
+/− |
Seats |
+/− |
Seats |
+/− |
% |
|
Christian Democratic Union (CDU)[a] |
16,225,769 |
37.2 |
+5.2 |
190 |
+17 |
14,913,921 |
34.1 |
+6.9 |
65 |
+44 |
255 |
+61 |
40.5 |
|
Social Democratic Party (SPD) |
12,835,933 |
29.4 |
+1.5 |
59 |
−5 |
11,247,283 |
25.7 |
+2.7 |
133 |
+51 |
192 |
+46 |
30.5 |
|
The Left (DIE LINKE) |
3,583,050 |
8.2 |
−2.9 |
4 |
−12 |
3,752,577 |
8.6 |
−3.3 |
60 |
±0 |
64 |
−12 |
10.2 |
|
Alliance '90/The Greens (GRÜNE) |
3,177,269 |
7.3 |
−1.9 |
1 |
±0 |
3,690,314 |
8.4 |
−2.3 |
62 |
−5 |
63 |
−5 |
10.0 |
|
Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU)[a] |
3,543,733 |
8.1 |
+0.7 |
45 |
±0 |
3,243,335 |
7.4 |
+0.9 |
11 |
+11 |
56 |
+11 |
8.9 |
|
|
Free Democratic Party (FDP) |
1,028,322 |
2.4 |
−7.1 |
0 |
±0 |
2,082,305 |
4.8 |
−9.8 |
0 |
−93 |
0 |
−93 |
0 |
|
Alternative for Germany (AfD) |
809,817 |
1.9 |
+1.9 |
0 |
±0 |
2,052,372 |
4.7 |
+4.7 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
|
Pirate Party (PIRATEN) |
962,946 |
2.2 |
+2.1 |
0 |
±0 |
958,507 |
2.2 |
+0.2 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
|
National Democratic Party (NPD) |
634,842 |
1.5 |
−0.3 |
0 |
±0 |
560,660 |
1.3 |
−0.2 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
|
Free Voters (FW) |
431,409 |
1.0 |
+1.0 |
0 |
±0 |
422,857 |
1.0 |
+1.0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
|
Human Environment Animal Welfare (Tierschutzpartei) |
4,415 |
0.0 |
+0.0 |
0 |
±0 |
140,251 |
0.3 |
−0.2 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
|
Ecological Democratic Party (ödp) |
128,158 |
0.3 |
±0.0 |
0 |
±0 |
127,085 |
0.3 |
±0.0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
|
The Republicans (REP) |
27,279 |
0.1 |
±0.0 |
0 |
±0 |
91,660 |
0.2 |
−0.2 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
|
Die PARTEI |
39,258 |
0.1 |
+0.1 |
0 |
±0 |
78,357 |
0.2 |
+0.2 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
|
Bavaria Party (BP) |
28,336 |
0.1 |
±0.0 |
0 |
±0 |
57,285 |
0.1 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
|
Alliance for Germany (Volksabstimmung) |
1,748 |
0.0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
28,667 |
0.1 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
|
Marxist Leninist Party (MLPD) |
12,986 |
0.0 |
±0.0 |
0 |
±0 |
25,336 |
0.1 |
±0.0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
|
Pensioners' Party (RENTNER) |
919 |
0.0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
25,190 |
0.1 |
−0.1 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
|
Party of Bible-abiding Christians (PBC) |
2,070 |
0.0 |
±0.0 |
0 |
±0 |
18,529 |
0.0 |
−0.1 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
|
Civil Rights Movement Solidarity (BüSo) |
18,039 |
0.0 |
±0.0 |
0 |
±0 |
13,131 |
0.0 |
−0.1 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
|
Alliance 21/RRP (Bündnis 21/RRP) |
5,335 |
0.0 |
−0.1 |
0 |
±0 |
8,851 |
0.0 |
−0.2 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
|
The Violets – for Spiritual Politics (DIE VIOLETTEN) |
2,500 |
0.0 |
±0.0 |
0 |
±0 |
8,248 |
0.0 |
−0.1 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
|
Family Party (FAMILIE) |
4,476 |
0.0 |
±0.0 |
0 |
±0 |
7,451 |
0.0 |
−0.3 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
|
Social Equality Party (PSG) |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
4,840 |
0.0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
|
Electoral groups and
independents |
131,873 |
0.3 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
143,462 |
0.3 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
±0 |
0 |
Total valid |
43,601,224 |
98.4 |
+0.2 |
299 |
±0 |
43,702,474 |
98.7 |
+0.1 |
331 |
+8 |
630 |
+8 |
±0 |
Invalid ballots |
688,428 |
1.6 |
−0.1 |
|
|
587,178 |
1.3 |
−0.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Total (turnout: 71.5%) |
44,289,652 |
100.0 |
|
|
|
44,289,652 |
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
- ^
Jump up to:
a
b
The Christian Democratic Union and
the Christian Social Union of Bavaria call themselves sister
parties. They do not compete against each other in the same
geographical regions and they form one group within the
Bundestag.
Results by state
Second Vote ("Zweitstimme", or votes for party list)
Reactions
Merkel said: "It was a strong vote to take responsibility in Germany,
but also in Europe and the world."[27]
Government
formation
While the three left of centre parties have a slim majority between
them, the SPD is wary of going into a coalition with the Left. Indeed,
even before the election, many SPD insiders were very sceptical of
working with the Left. With an SPD-Greens-Left coalition likely ruled
out, this makes a third term in government for Merkel and the CDU/CSU
the most likely outcome. However, despite winning one of the most
comprehensive election victories in German history, Merkel's CDU/CSU
came up five seats short of a majority, forcing it to seek the support
of other parties in order to remain in office.[2]
Merkel could govern in coalition with either the SPD (a
grand coalition of the two largest parties, which would command a
two-thirds majority) or with the Greens.
An opinion poll conducted shortly after the election showed that 65%
of SPD members were opposed to entering a Merkel-led grand coalition,[28]
however the SPD executive voted to enter coalition talks[29]
with the proviso that they would seek a vote from their membership
before making a final agreement on entering a coalition.[30]
Issues for the SPD in a grand coalition would entail a national
minimum wage and conflicts over
dual citizenship, which the SPD supports but CDU fears would cost
them votes.[2]
The Greens are "open" to coalition talks with the CDU/CSU,[31]
but CSU leaders have said they oppose a coalition with the Greens.[32]
See also
References
-
^
Jump up to:
a
b
"Dates and deadlines for the Election to the 18th German
Bundestag on 22 September 2013".
The Federal Returning Officer.
Retrieved 23 September 2013. "Casting of votes as a rule
from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m."
- ^
Jump up to:
a
b
c
d
Germany's Merkel looks for 'grand coalition', Al Jazeera
English, 24 September 2013
-
Jump up ^
(English)
« German elections: Politikverdrossenheit and rightist fears »,
Katrin Heilmann, Le Journal International, 22 septembre 2013
-
Jump up ^
Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. Official
translation. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
-
Jump up ^
Stenographic protocol of the first session of the Bundestag.
27 October 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
-
Jump up ^
Dates for elections in Germany. Wahlrecht.de. Retrieved 13
August 2012.
-
Jump up ^
Anordnung des Bundespräsidenten über die Bundestagswahl 2013.
Website of the German Federal President. 8 March 2013. Retrieved
9 March 2013.
-
Jump up ^
"Federal Constitutional Court decision on the Federal Election
Law". Bverfg.de.
Retrieved 20 September 2013.
-
Jump up ^
Decision of the Federal Constitutional Court. 25 July 2012.
Retrieved 13 August 2012.
-
Jump up ^
Bill amending the Federal Election Law. 11 December 2012.
Retrieved 25 December 2012.
-
Jump up ^
ZEIT
ONLINE GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (22 February 2013).
"Bundestag: Deutschland hat ein neues Wahlrecht | ZEIT ONLINE".
Zeit.de. Retrieved 20
September 2013.
-
Jump up ^
The FDP named their chairman, Guido
Westerwelle, chancellor-candidate in
2002.
-
Jump up ^
For example, the
Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität with its chancellor-candidate
Helga Zepp-LaRouche in the 2009 election. See
Die BüSo wird Recht behalten: Weltfinanzsystem kurz vor der
Desintegration!. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
-
Jump up ^
Steinbrück, Steinmeier - oder doch Hannelore Kraft?.
Augsburger Allgemeine. 3 June 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
-
Jump up ^
"Steinbrück wird Kanzlerkandidat" [Steinbrück to be
chancellor-candidate] (in German).
ARD. 28 September 2012.
Retrieved 28 September 2012.
-
Jump up ^
Financial Crisis.
"Greece needs third bail-out, admits German finance minister".
Telegraph. Retrieved 20
September 2013.
-
Jump up ^
"German chancellor visits former Nazi camp - Europe". Al
Jazeera English. Retrieved 20
September 2013.
-
Jump up ^
Czuczka,
Tony.
"Merkel Seeks Mandate to Top Thatcher as Third-Term Risks Loom".
Bloomberg. Retrieved 20
September 2013.
-
Jump up ^
Bollier, Sam (21 September 2013).
"Germany's election campaign draws to a close".
Al Jazeera. Retrieved
22 September 2013.
-
Jump up ^
"Germany rivals conclude election campaigns".
Al Jazeera. 21 September 2013.
Retrieved 22 September 2013.
-
Jump up ^
"Merkel to face rival in German TV debate - Europe". Al
Jazeera English. Retrieved 20
September 2013.
-
Jump up ^
"Average of polling chart by pollytix". Pollytix.eu.
Retrieved 20 September 2013.
-
Jump up ^
"Merkel triumphs in German vote but allies crushed". News
OK. 2013-09-18. Retrieved
2013-09-23.
-
Jump up ^
Wittrock, Philipp.
"Conservatives React to Success of Merkel in German Election".
SPIEGEL ONLINE. Retrieved
2013-09-23.
-
Jump up ^
"Provisional result of the Election to the German Bundestag
2013". The
Federal Returning Officer.
Retrieved 23 September 2013.
-
Jump up ^
Land (sic) results
-
Jump up ^
http://news.yahoo.com/more-merkel--the-upshot-from-the-german-election-142122721.html
-
Jump up ^
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/27/us-germany-spd-poll-idUSBRE98Q0QY20130927
-
Jump up ^
http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/814807.shtml#.UkclVX-p0Y4
-
Jump up ^
http://main.omanobserver.om/?p=17145
-
Jump up ^
http://www.dw.de/greens-open-to-coalition-talks-with-merkels-cdu/a-17121330
-
Jump up ^
http://www.thestar.com.my/News/World/2013/09/24/Merkel-camp-eyes-tieup-with-Social-Democrats-shuns-Greens.aspx
-
Jump up ^
"'Merkel diamond' takes centre stage in German election
campaign".
The Guardian. 3 September 2013.
Retrieved 8 September 2013.
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